Transcript Intro to Radiologic Technology (RADT A)

Intro
to
Radiologic
Technology
(RADT A)
RTEC A INSTRUCTOR
• MINA COLUNGA, B.S.,RT., C.R.T.
Instructor, [email protected] or
[email protected]
WEB page: www.elcamino.edu/faculty/mcolunga
2
WHY CHOOSE
RADIOGRAPHY?
3
Is this a safe profession?
Why do you want to do this?
Why are you taking this class?
4
Preconceived Ideas regarding the X-ray
field
What is x-rays?
X-rays are electromagnetic radiation
with extremely short wavelengths.
They can pass through many materials.
What is radiation?
Radiation – transfer of energy through space or
a material away from the source
• Radiology- Medical specialty in which x-rays,
radium, and radioactive substances are applied in the
diagnosis and treatment of the patient
• Diagnostic Imaging- Medical specialty in which xrays, radium, radioactive substances, sound waves,
and radio frequencies are applied in the diagnosis
and treatment of the patient
• Radiologist- Physician who applies any form of
radiation in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
• Radiographer- Skilled person qualified by
education to provide patient services using imaging
modalities as directed by a physician qualified to
order and/or perform radiographic procedures.
(X-ray Technologist)
• Radiograph- a photographic record produced by xrays through an object.
Types of Radiation
Non-ionized
ex: radio
Ionized
ex: x-rays, gamma
Electromagnetic Spectrum
History of Radiology
14
– November 8,
1895:
Historical
Perspectives
• Wilhelm Conrad
Röntgen
discovered x-rays
– German Physicist
– University of
Wurtzburg
15
• Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895 - discovered
rays
x-
• Working with Crooke’s vacuum tube
– He found invisible rays were produced.
– These new rays could go through skin and flesh
– Give a picture of a person's bones.
16
17
X-rays – the Basic Radiological Tool
Röntgen’s experimental apparatus Crookes tube
Taken 22 Dec. 1895
18
First Radiograph
• Anna Bertha Röntgen
• 30 minute exposure
.
19
Collaborative Events
• Crookes tube
– Air evacuated glass tube
– Cathode side
– Anode side
– Electrical supply
• Screen or board painted with barium platinocyanide
• Low light work area
20
21
“Willie Röntgen”
• Honored in 1901
with the first
Nobel prize in
physics for his
efforts.
22
In the beginning…..
23
Early years in Radiologic Technology
• Nurses or nurses aides taught how to “take an x-ray”
• NO special education
• Only “ON THE JOB” training
• Experience the best teacher
• The first Technologist is credited to be
EDWARD C. JERMAN.
24
An early therapy session
25
26
In 30 years
• Developed from a technical trade to one of a
professionalism
• Once thought that anyone could be trained to
quickly = “push the buttons’
• To now where it is considered a profession that
requires analytical thinking and problem solving
27
28
29
• X rays began to be used in industry and
medicine
• Years later, they noticed it can be harmful
• They could be harmful to:
– living tissue
– even cause cancer if the exposures were
too great or too prolonged
30
Early signs of possible damage
from Radiation exposure
• Skin dryness
• Erythema
• Ulcers formed
31
Acute: Ulceration
32
33
Radiologic Technologists
Practices
RADIATION SAFETY
TO SELF
AND
OTHERS
34
35
36
37
38
HISTORY REVIEW
Who is this?
39
HISTORY REVIEW
Wilhelm Conrad
Röntgen
40
HISTORY REVIEW
What did he discover?
41
HISTORY REVIEW
He discovered x-rays
42
HISTORY REVIEW
What were the series of
events that led to the
discovery?
43
HISTORY REVIEW
1) Crookes tube
– With electrical supply
2) Screen coated with barium platinocyanide
3) Low light area
44
Accreditation, Certification,
Registration, Licensing???
What is all that?
45
Accrediting Agencies for Schools
(JRC’s)
• Joint Review Committee on Education in Diagnostic
Medical Sonography (JRCDMS)
• Joint Review Committee on Education in Nuclear
Medicine Technology (JRCNMT)
• Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic
Technology
46
Individual Certification
• Take an exam
• Pay a fee
• You then get registered
• Nearly all hospitals require appropriate
certifciation as a condition of employment.
47
National: Registry Agencies
• American Registty of Diagnostic Medical
Sonographers (ARDMS)
• American Registry of Radiologic Technologists
• Nuclear Medicine Certification Board
48
State Licensing Agencies
• Vary from state to state
• List of individual state requirement can be
obtained at www.arrt.org
•
•
•
•
Must provide proof of certification
Fill out paperwork
Pay a fee
Sometimes take an exam
49
Certification vs. License
• ARRT
– National certification
• R.T.
– Must take an exam
• Pass with 75%
– Can take this after
completing program
• CRT
– State Licensing
– Must pass ARRT or other
equivalent national
exam to get this
– Pay fee to get
radiography license (R)
– Take fluoroscopy exam
and pay a fee for (F)
license
50
RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY
It covers all of our individual
disciplines.
51
RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY
•
•
•
•
Radiography
Mammography
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance
Imaging
• Quality Management
• Sonography
• Radiation Therapy
•
•
•
•
Bone Densitometry
Vascular Sonography
Breast Sonography
Cardiac Interventional
Radiography
• Vascular Interventional
radiography
• Radiologist Assistant
• Nuclear Medicine
52
5 Primary Certifications
• Radiography (R)
• Nuclear Medicine Technology (NM)
• Radiation Therapy (T)
• Sonography (US) (RDMS)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MR)
53
Post Primary Certifications
• Mammography (M)
• Computed Tomography(CT)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MR) or (MRI)
– Note: Both a primary and postprimary track
• Quality Management (QM)
• Cardiac-Interventional
Radiography (CI)
• Vascular-Interventional
Radiography (VI)
• Sonography (US) or (RDMS)
– Note: Both a primary and postprimary track
• Vascular Sonography (VS)
• Breast Sonography (BS)
• Bone Densitometry (BD)
• Registered Radiologist Assistant
(RA)
54
MRI and Sonography are PRIMARY
and POST PRIMARY
1) Can get formal education
1) On the job training
1) if you have a primary certification in radiography,
nuclear medicine or radiation therapy
2) meet clinical requirements.
55
Individual Disciplines of
Radiology
56
Radiography :
Primary Certification
Mina Colunga R.T. (R)
Mina Colunga Registered
Technologist in the specialty of
Radiography
57
RADIOGRAPHY
• Diagnostic Radiology
– Technologist
– Radiographer
– Technician (Limited Licensure)
– Specializing in the use of x-rays to create images of the
body including the skeletal system,chest and abdomen
58
Two Types of x-ray examinations
Radiography
Fluoroscopy
Fluoroscope
• 1898 by Thomas Edison
60
Types of
Diagnostic Exams
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chest
Extremities
Skull/ Facial
Spine
Gastrointestinal
Interventional
62
EXAMS
•
•
•
•
•
•
All types of
&
PEOPLE
Head to toes
Trauma
Special procedures
Critical patients
Walk ins
Surgery
•
•
•
•
•
Infants
Elderly
All classes
All ethnicity
All backgrounds
63
Uses Ionizing Radiation to
create images of the human body
64
65
66
Flouroscopyxrays in motion
67
Fluoroscopy
68
69
70
71
Beyond Diagnostic Radiography
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Ultrasound (sonography)
Angiography
Computerized tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Nuclear Medicine
Mammography
Radiation Therapy
Beyond Diagnostic Radiography
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Ultrasound (sonography)
Angiography
Computerized tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Nuclear Medicine
Mammography
Radiation Therapy
SALARY RANGES RT’s
• New R.T. (R) = $ 23 -$40 per hour
– ON-CALL + O.T. $48,000 – $83,000 YR
• Advance disciplines
• R.T. (CT), (T), (NM), (S), (M), etc
– $ 30 - $50 PER HOUR
76
Bone Densitometry (BD) – Post
primary certification
1) Must have primary certification in
radiography, nuclear medicine or
radiation therapy
2) Meet clinical requirements
77
Bone Densitometry- measures
mineral content and density of
bones
78
Low Doses of Radiation
79
Career in Radiography
Ultrasound (sonography)
--uses high frequency sound waves
Ultrasound beam is transmitted
and reflected –
as special crystal at the end of
the transducer can
determine the type of tissue
Determines depth
81
Uses SOUND WAVES (NOT X-RAYS)
“real time” images
82
ULTRASOUND
uses a technique similar to
Navy SONAR to produce
diagnostic images.
83
84
85
86
U/S & the “real thing”
87
Vascular Sonography
88
90
Angiography
92
ANGIOGRAPHY is a specialized radiographic
examination where the images of the blood vessels of
the body are demonstrated by injection of contrast
media
93
94
SUB SPECIALITY IN ANGIOGRAPHY
• Cardiovascular Interventional Technology
• Vascular Interventional Technology
Must have certification in diagnostic radiography
in order to be trained and certified in these
special procedures.
Cardiac Interventional Radiography
(CI)- Primary certification
Mike Smith, RT (R) (CI)
1) Must have primary
certification in
radiography
2) Meet clinical
requirements
96
Vascular Interventional Radiography (VI)Post primary certification
JOE CAR, RT (R) (VI)
1) Must have primary
certification in
radiography
2) Meet clinical
requirements
97
98
99
99
Angiogram
A medical imaging technique using xray and contrast agent to visualize
the inside of blood vessels and
organs of the body.
Computed Tomography
Also known as CT, Cat Scans
Computed Tomography
Uses ionized radiation to obtain cross sectional
images
Designated by CT
Jennifer Smith, R.T. (R) (CT)
1) Must have primary certification in
radiography, nuclear medicine or radiation
therapy
2) Meet clinical requirements
104
Computed Tomography
• Able to do 3D reconstruction
MRI
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRI SIGNAL PRODUCTION
• Uses
– Magnet field
– radio waves
108
• MRI
– Uses magnetic and radio waves to create images
– Can be whole body or cross sectional
– Designated by MRI
• Jeremy Assef, R.T., CRT, (MRI)
112
Which one is MRI? CT?
113
Look for the signs….
114
What are the differences between
MRI and CT?
CT
• Uses ionizing radiation
• Can be used on any patient
• Fast
MRI
• Uses magnets and
radiowaves
• Cannot be used on patients
who have metal in their
body
• Slow
115
Which is better?
116
What are the similarities between
CT and MRI?
117
Nuclear Medicine
• Nuclear Medicine
– Uses radioactive isotopes to produce images
– Radiation comes from within the patient
• Primary or Post primary certification
PET scan
Mammography
• Mammography
– Breast imaging using ionized radiation
Radiation Therapy
• Medical dosimetrists are involved in
treatment planning and dose
calculations
• 1-4 year program
124
125
126
Radiation therapy
• Radiation Therapy
– Involved the treatment of diseases
– Use high level of ionized radiation (megavolt) to
kill cancerous cells
• Primary certification
Additional Opportunities
•
•
•
•
•
Education
Administration
Management (QM)
Commercial
Radiologist Assistant
= RA
• Sales
• Application specialist
130
Radiologist Assistant (RA)
• Still not widely
accepted
• Must have a primary
certification in
radiography
• Must meet clinical
requirements
131
TRAVELING TECHNOLOGIST =
SEE THE WORLD AND GET $$$
132
Other working opportunities…
• Registry (local)
• Registry (out of
state)
• X rays taken around
the world !!
133
Variety of Work Settings
• physicians offices,
• clinical outpatient facilities,
• free standing imaging centers,
• mobile imaging centers
• portable services to rehabs
• Mammo’s to under privileged areas
• Urgent care
134
RA
• Radiology Assistant
(Like PA)
• LLU
• PART OF RADIOLOGIST
GROUP
• Still not widely
accepted
135
Questions ?
• Diagnostic Imaging Modalities
136