Transcript SC Level 1 Anatomy and Physiology

Level 1 Certificate in Coaching
Strength & Conditioning
Anatomy & Physiology
Skeletal functions:
Support
– Rigid support for
the body’s soft
tissue
Protection
– E.g. Brain
– Ribs protect vital
organs
Movement
– Articulation
through
attachment to
skeletal muscles
The Skeletal System
Comprises of bones,
cartilage and joints
Axial skeleton
– Forms the upright
axis of the body
– Skull, ribs,
vertebral column,
and sternum
Appendicular
skeleton
– Limbs, shoulder
girdle and pelvic
girdle
Types of Joint
Fibrous
– Specific connective tissue types binding the
bones together
e.g. Sutures of the skull
Cartilaginous
– Specific connective tissue that allows limited
movement
e.g. intervertebral discs
Synovial
– Fluid filled joint capsule where the structure of
the joint and surrounding connective tissue
and muscles determine range of motion
Major Muscles
Muscle Action
Muscle origin; where muscle attaches to bone via
connective tissue (tendon) nearest centre of body
Muscle insertion; where muscle attaches to bone via
connective tissue (tendon) away from centre of body
Agonist; prime mover of the movement action
Antagonist; opposite of agonist, can slow down or stop the
movement
Synergist; assists n the movement or supports the body
during the movement
Can you give examples
Muscle Action
Composition of the blood
Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Functions of the blood
Transport of oxygen
Transport of energy in form of dissolved
food molecules
Transport of hormones
Removal of carbon dioxide
Removal of other waste products
Structure of cardiovascular system
Heart
–
–
–
–
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Pathway RA>RV>Lungs>LA>LV>body>RA
Structure of the heart
The heart is a dual pump, circulating
blood through two separate closed
systems. Oxygen-carrying blood leaves
the left ventricle through the aorta. It
circulates through the body and returns,
deoxygenated, to the right auricle via the
superior and inferior vena cava. The right
ventricle pumps this blood through the
pulmonary artery to the lungs, where it
exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen.
Oxygenated blood then returns to the left
auricle of the heart, ready for arterial
circulation, through the pulmonary veins.
Cardiac Output = Heart rate x stroke
volume
Blood pressure
– Systolic: pressure against the arterial
walls during ventricular contraction ( x
HR = heart work)
– Diastolic: During ventricular relaxation
is the ease with which blood flows from
the arterioles into the capillaries
Respiratory system
Structure and function
Surface area for gaseous exchange
Plueral membranes
Mechanics of breathing
Gaseous exchange at the lungs
Gaseous exchange at tissue level
Energy sources:
􀂃 Fats
􀂃 Carbohydrates
􀂃 Proteins
Food Pyramid
Nutritional Awareness
Food groups; meat; vegetables; fruit; dairy; breads and
cereals; fats and oils
Nutrients: carbohydrates; fat; protein; vitamins; minerals;
water
Healthy eating: sources of nutrients from food groups;
energy and nutrients; government and advisory body
guidelines; eating patterns and habits
Nutrition and exercise: fuels for exercise –
carbohydrates, fats; fluids; sports drinks; dehydration; rehydration
Food labels: nutritional information; calculating nutrients
Ergogenic aids and performance: research in ergogenic
aids, categories of ergogenic aids – pharmacological
agents, hormonal agents, physiological agents
The reasons for supplement use by players/athletes
“Cellular Respiration”
Energy is required to do physical work.
– Supplied by a substance called ATP (adenosine
triphosphate).
– The amount of energy produced depends on
whether sufficient oxygen is present in the
cells.
Glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide +
water + Energy equation 1
Acute responses to exercise
Aerobic
– Increase in systolic pressure
– Reduction in peripheral resistance
Strength training
-Increase in systolic pressure
-Short term increase in diastolic pressure
Cardiovascular adaptations to
training (primarily aerobic)
Increased ventricular volume
Increased stroke volume
Decreased resting and sub maximal heart rates
Increased muscle capillarisation
Increased plasma volume
Reduction in resting blood pressure
More adaptations to training
Increased maximal exercise ventilation
Increased maximal oxygen consumption
(VO2 Max)
Increased oxygen extraction by the
muscles
Decreased resting breathing rate
Increased maximal breathing rate
Biochemical adaptations to aerobic
training
Increased myoglobin content
Increase in number and size of mitochondria
(muscle machinary)
Increase in activity of enzymes involved in
energy productions
Increase in muscular glycogen stores
Increased ability to oxidise fat
Three energy systems provide ATP:
Phoshagen system
Glycolytic system
Oxidative system