Transcript Circulatory System - Biology with Radjewski

Circulatory
System
Delivery of oxygen, hormones and
nutrients to an organism’s cells
3 Types of Circulatory Systems
1.No Circulatory
System
2.Open
3.Closed
No Circulatory System
• Sponges,
cnidarians, flat
and roundworms
• Uses diffusion to
provide cells with
oxygen, nutrients
and disposal of
wastes
Open Circulatory System
• Arthropods and mollusks
• Heart pumps blood into
vessels with open ends
• Blood and interstitial fluid
is called hemolymph
Closed Circulatory System
• Cephalopods, annelids, echnoderms & all
vertebrates
• Vessels don’t have open ends; blood
circulates through vessels that branch into
smaller and smaller ones in a continuous
loop
• Hemoglobin is used for oxygen transport
• 8 functions
8 functions are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Transport nutrients
Transport oxygen
Help maintain fluid balance
Help defend body
Transport cell waste to excretory organs
Transport hormones
Help distribute heat
Help maintain pH
4 major components of the
circulatory system
•
•
•
•
Blood
Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels
heart
Components of Blood
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•
•
•
Plasma
Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBC’s)
Leukocytes (white blood cells, WBC’s)
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Plasma
• Pale yellow liquid that makes up about
55% of blood
• Contains many proteins that help with
clotting, hormone transport, and fat
transport
• Helps maintain blood pressure and pH
• Made up of 90% water and 10% solute
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
• Have a flexible, biconcave shape
• produced in red bone marrow
• filled with hemoglobin – a protein that binds to
oxygen in the lungs to transport it to tissues of
body
• has no nucleus
• only lives 4 months
• produced constantly by stem cells; if production
slows down, anemia develops
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
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•
•
•
Help fight bacteria
Made in red bone marrow
Primary cells of immune system
2 types
– Lymphocytes – produce antibodies
– Macrophages – eat foreign cells by
phagocytosis (also called phagocytes)
• Cancer of white blood cells is called
leukemia
• Larger than RBC’s and have a nucleus
(add)
Thrombocytes (platelets)
• not whole cells, but rather bits of cytoplasm
covered by membrane
• If a blood vessel gets a HOLE, it must be
plugged right away, and this is what platelets do!
• When a blood vessel gets DAMAGED,
chemicals are released and platelets recognize
this. It then releases a clotting PROTEIN that
initiates chemical reactions resulting in the
formation of a protein called a FIBRIN
– Fibrin traps blood cells and CLOT forms
macrophages
Types of Blood Vessels
• Arteries
– Arterioles
• Capillaries
• Veins
– Venules
• Metaarterioles
Arteries
• carry blood away from
heart
• smaller divisions of them
are called arterioles
• have ability to
relax/constrict to control
blood pressure and volume
of blood transported
• Largest artery is the aorta
coming out of the heart
Capillaries
• Smallest blood
vessel division
• Point at which
materials can
diffuse into the
interstial fluid
• They connect
arteries to veins
Veins
• Veins – take blood from the body
back to the heart
• smaller divisions are called
venules
• largest vein is the vena cava
which leads to the heart
• Metaarterioles – they directly
connect arterioles to venules
Blood Types
• Red blood cells are coated with a protein
called an antigen
• Your blood cells have either A antigens, B
antigens, both A and B antigens or none
• The kinds of antigens present determine
blood type
• Antibodies seeks out foreign antigens and
kill them
• So if a person with type B blood receives type A
or AB blood, the antibodies will react with the
donor’s blood and cause the blood to CLUMP.
Antigens
Type Antigen of Antibodies
RBC
in plasma
A
A
B
Can
receive
from
O,A
Can
donate
to
A, AB
B
B
A
O.B
B, AB
AB
A,B
None
O, A, B,
AB
AB
O
None
A,B
O
O, A, B,
AB
Rh Factors
• Rh factors are another antigen on the surface of the
RBC’s
• If you have this antigen/protein, you are said to be Rh+
and if you don’t have it you are Rh• Dangerous in pregnant women who are Rh- carrying a
Rh+ child
• During delivery, the blood mixes, so the mother will
produce antibodies and the first child is unharmed
• But if the second child is also Rh+, then those antibodies
will attack the child’s blood cells causing severe
complications
– Can be treated in early pregnancy
– Otherwise child will not be able to produce RBC’s and that
makes oxygen levels low and death could result.
Lymphatic System
• Consists of the heart & lymphatic blood vessels
• Circulatory system is very leaky because fluids
are forced out of thin walls of capillaries by the
pressure of the heart pumping
• This loss of fluid must be made up so the
Lymphatic system saves the day!
– It collects and recycles this fluid by letting it diffuse
into lymphatic capillaries, then the lymph passes into
lymphatic ducts that drain into veins in the lower part
of the neck
The Heart
• Consists of Cardiac tissue
• Encased by pericardium
• 2 chambers divided by septum
1. atrium – get blood from the
veins
2. ventricles – pump blood into
the arteries
SA Node –
tissue that
starts
impulse of
heart beat
(pacemaker)
-Sinoatrial
node
AV Node –
conducts
impulse from
atria into the
ventricles
Atrioventricular
node
Specific Blood Vessels
• Aorta – biggest artery; pumps blood from
LV to the body
• Vena Cavas – biggest veins
– Superior – returns blood from upper parts of
body to the heart
– Inferior – returns blood from lower parts of
body
** Both join together to deliver the blood to the
RA
Other Arteries and Veins
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•
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•
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•
Coronary – heart
Pulmonary – lungs
Carotid – Brain
Subclavian – shoulder/ arm region
Mesenteric – intestine
Renal – kidneys
Iliac - legs
Valves
• Prevent backflow
of blood
• Close
automatically
• Valves between
chambers
• Valves at exits to
hearts
• Types of Valves
– Mitral valve – prevents
blood from going back
into the atrium (also
called bicuspid)
– Aortic Valve –
prevents blood from
reentering the left
ventricle
– Tricuspid Valve –
separates the right
atrium and right
ventricle
2 Circulatory Circuits
1. Pulmonary
• Deoxygenated blood from body enters RARV then goes to the lungs by pulmonary
artery – pulmonary capillaries and “picks
up” oxygen by diffusion then returns back
to the heart via pulmonary veins into LA so
it can then go to the systematic circuit
• Gas exchange occurs – CO2 is released
and O2 is picked up by blood
2. Systematic Circuit
• Pumps oxygen rich blood from left
atrium/left ventricle out through
aorta to all the capillaries in the
organs and the tissues of the
body
• The deoxygenated blood is then
returned to the right side of the
heart by veins entering the right
atrium
General Flow to Remember
•Right atrium  Right
ventricle  Lungs 
Left Atrium  Left
Ventricle  Body 
Right Atrium
All the Details
for Flow
General flow with Valves
• Pulmonary veins – left atrium – mitral
valve – left ventricle – aortic valve – aorta
– arteries – cells of the body – vena cavas
– right atrium – tricuspid valve – right
ventricle – pulmonary artery – lung –
pulmonary vein – left atrium
Cardiac Cycle
• Cardiac cycle is each heartbeat and is started by the
pacemaker
• The pacemaker is on the backside of the RA and is
made of special muscle tissue
• 2 phases
1. systole phase – pd. Of contraction
upper number of blood pressure reading
2. diastole phase – pd. Of relaxation
lower number of blood pressure
Normal Blood Pressure is from 100-130 for systolic and 7090 for diastolic, so a good reading is 120/80
Diseases of Circulatory System
• Cardiovascular disease - #1 killer in U.S.;
caused by artherosclerosis – narrowing of the
arteries. This is caused by lipids sticking to
artery walls, then Ca sticks to it and it hardens
into plaque.
• Heart attacks – artherosclerosis of coronary
artery; blood to heart slows or stops; very often
is fatal
• High blood pressure = hypertension and if its left
untreated it leads to heart damage, stroke or
kidney failure
Continued…
• Strokes – artherosclerosis of cerebral arteries;
blood flow to brain is suddenly decreased
• Anemia – deficiency in hemoglobin caused by
hemorrhaging, lack of iron or Vitamin B12 or by
sickle cell anemia (faster than normal
destruction of RBC’s)
• Leukemia – form of cancer in which WBC’s
rapidly multiply taking over RBC’s causing
anemia, death by hemorrhaging or infection
Continued…
• Hemophilia – one factors needed for blood
clotting is missing thus person cannot stop
bleeding
• Heart Murmur – caused by problem with
heart valves causing irregular heart
sounds
• Gangrene – death of cells/tissue caused
by lack of circulation to the area
Fun Facts…
• 8% of ones body weight is blood
• Average adult has 5-6 liters of
blood
• Your heart will beat
approximately 2.5 billion times in
your lifetime
• Bp is highest in arteries and
lowest in veins
Lets label the heart
1. Artery to body
2. Vein from body
3. Upper Vena Cava (from
body)
4. Pulmonary artery (to
lungs)
5. Pulmonary vein (from
veins)
6. Tricuspid Valve
7. Right Atrium
8. Lower Vena Cava (from
body)
9. Right ventricle
10. Septum
11. Left ventricle
12. Aortic Valve
13. Bicuspid Valve (mitral)
14. Left Atrium
15. Pulmonary vein (from
lungs)
16. Pulmonary Artery (to
lungs)
17. Aorta
18. Vein from body
19. Artery to body