Transcript Slide 1
Cardiovascular System
Standard Deviants: Circulatory
System Quiz
1.
2.
3.
4.
What are the main functions of the CV system?
What are the names of the chambers of the heart?
Which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood?
What structures in the heart prevent blood from
backing up into the atria? How many are there?
5. What are the 3 types of blood vessels?
6. Arteries carry what type of blood?
7. Veins carry what type of blood?
8. What makes the “lub-dub” heart sound?
9. What organ is the first to receive oxygen rich blood?
10. What’s the diff between “tachycardia” and
“bradycardia”?
Functions
of the Cardiovascular System
Transport nutrients and O2 to body
Transport waste
Distribute hormones & antibodies
Help control body temp
Help maintain homeostasis
Types of Circulation
Pulmonary: Right side of heart pumps O2
poor blood to lungs where CO2
exchanged for O2
Systemic: Left side of heart pumps O2
rich blood to body
Heart Structures
Heart:
hollow muscular
organ
4 chambers
In thoracic cavity
between lungs
Tilted slightly to left
Contains own blood
supply
Heart Structures
Atria
Two upper chambers
of the heart
R atrium receives low
O2 blood from body
L atrium receives O2
blood from lungs
Heart Structures
Ventricles
Lower chambers of
heart
Pumping chambers
Pump under high
pressure
Heart Structures
Myocardial Septum
Separating wall or
partition of heart
chambers in right and
left halves
Heart Valves
Atrioventricular
Tricuspid valve
between right atrium
and right ventricle
Mitral or bicuspid
valve
between left atrium
and left ventricle
Heart Valves
Semilunar
Pulmonary valve
Between right
ventricle and the
pulmonary artery
Aortic valve
Between left ventricle
and aorta
Heart Structures
Pericardium
Double membrane
covering heart
Outer fibrous layer
Inner watery layerepicardium
Provides protection;
reduces friction
Heart Structures
Myocardium
Muscular
Pumps blood
Endocardium
Smooth inner layer
Prevents damage to
blood cells
Path of Blood Through Heart
Low O2 blood from
upper body to superior
Low O2 blood from lower
body to inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary arteries
Lungs
Path of Blood Through Heart
O2 blood from lungs
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Body
How the Heart Contracts
Sinoatrial nodes (SA node)
Natural pacemaker
Atrioventricular node (AV
node)
Bundle of His
Perkinje fibers
Surround ventricles
Causes contractions
Normal heart rate: 60-90
beats per minute (bpm)
Main Blood Vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Circulation
Arteries
Carry blood AWAY from the heart
Largest artery: Aorta
Carry O2 blood except for pulmonary arteries
Muscular layers withstand high pressure
Divide into smaller branches called arterioles
which connect to capillaries
Circulation
Capillaries
Connect arterioles
and venules
Smallest vessels-one
cell thick
Allows exchange of
gases, nutrients, and
waste products
Circulation
Veins
Carry blood to heart
Largest: superior &
inferior vena cava
Carry low oxygenated
blood except for
pulmonary veins
Branch into smaller
venules
Have one way valves
to prevent back flow
of blood
Assessment Techniques
Pulse
The pressure of the blood pushing against
the wall of an artery as the heart beats and
rests
More easily felt in arteries that lie close to
skin and pressed against bone
Pulse Points
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Temporal-temple
Carotid-neck-emergencies
Brachial-inner aspect of elbow-B/P
Radial-wrist-most common site for pulse
Femoral-groin
Popliteal-knee
Pedal-top of foot
Pulse Rates
Noted as number beats per minute
Varies due to age, sex, body size
Adult: 60-90
Men: 60-70
Women: 70-80
Children
>7: 72-90
1-7: 80-120
Infants: 100-140
Factors Affecting Pulse Rate
Increased rates:
Exercise/excitement
Stimulant drugs
Shock
Nervous tension
Decreased rates:
Sleep
Depressant drugs
Heart disease
Coma
Blood Pressure
Force of blood against walls of arteries
Systolic pressure:
When heart contracts
Normal range: 110-140
Diastolic pressure:
When heart relaxed
Normal range: <100
Written as fraction:
Systolic over diastolic
Normal: <120/80 mmHg
Individual Factors Influencing B/P
Increase:
Excitement, anxiety, nervous tension
Stimulant drugs
Exercise and eating
Decrease:
Rest or sleep
Depressant drugs
Excessive blood loss
Disorders of CV System
Aneurysm
Aneurysm
enlargement of the
wall of an artery
Most likely to occur in
large blood vessels
Atherosclerosis
Accumulation of fat in
vessels causing
narrowing
Mainly coronary
arteries
Leads to hardening
and thickening of
arterial walls:
arteriosclerosis
Leads to hypertension
Cardiovascular Disease
AKA: Coronary Artery Disease
Combined effects of arteriosclerosis,
atherosclerosis, hypertension
Hypertension
AKA: high blood pressure; the silent killer
Causes:
Unknown
Hereditary
CAD
Symptoms:
None
Headaches
Dizziness
Shortness of breath
Myocardial Infarction
AKA: heart attack
Causes:
Obstruction of blood
vessels results in tissue
death
Symptoms:
Persistent chest pain
Nausea
Dizziness
Profuse sweating
Will lead to cardiac arrest
if not treated
Phlebitis
Inflammation of the
veins
May form a clot
(thrombus)
Cause:
Damage to vessel wall
due to prolonged
sitting or standing
Varicose Veins
Veins become
enlarged & ineffective
Causes:
Prolonged standing
Pregnancy
Obesity
Malformed valves
Blood and
Blood cells
Blood and Blood cells
Average adult has 5-6 quarts of blood
which circulates every 20 seconds
Composition
78% water
22% Various solids
Blood and Blood cells
Plasma
Fluid portion of blood
Contains special
proteins that help
blood to clot
Contains
carbohydrates,
proteins gases,
hormones, enzymes,
minerals, and waste
products
Types of blood cells
Erythrocytes
Largest part of blood solids
Live 120 days
Produced by bone marrow of femur, hip,
sternum, humerus, vertebra, cranium
Erythrocytes
Main function
Transport oxygen and
carbon dioxide
Hemoglobin
Complex protein within each cell to which oxygen
attaches
Thrombocytes
Platelets
Causes blood to clot
Leukocytes
Produced in bone
marrow and lymph
nodes
Main function
Fight infection
Leukocytes
Two types
Granulocytes
Act as scavengers and
destroy most pathogens
Leukocytes
Agranulocytes
Basis of immune
system
Pathology of the
Circulatory System
Pathology : Circulatory System
Thrombus
Clot
Blood clot attaches to
interior wall of vein or
artery
Embolus
A moving clot
Pathology : Circulatory System
Leukemia
Malignancy
characterized by a
progressive increase
of abnormal
leukocytes
Anemia
Disorder
characterized by
lower than normal
levels of red blood
cells in the blood
Pathology : Circulatory System
Polycythemia
Abnormal increase in
number of red cells
Makes blood thicker &
slower flowing
Septicemia
AKA: blood poisoning
Pathogens in blood
Pathology : Circulatory System
Sickle cell anemia
Genetic condition
Malformed red cells
“sickle”
No cure
Pathology : Circulatory System
Thrombocytopenia
Decreased platelets
Due to:
Drugs
Radiation
chemo
Pathology : Circulatory System
Hemophilia
Congenital condition
in which blood does
not clot normally
Results in excessive
bleeding
Hemophilia
The End
Blood Typing
Antigen-protein on red blood cells
Antibody-immunity found in plasma
against certain antigens
Agglutination=clumping=(+)
Rh-another antigen on RBC
Blood Typing
Blood Type
Antigens
Antibodies
O
None
Anti-A & anti-B
A
A
Anti-B
B
B
Anti-A
AB
A and B
None
Anti-A Serum
Slide #1
Mr. Smith
Slide #2
Mr. Jones
Slide #3
Mr. Green
Slide #4
Mrs. Brown
Anti-B Serum
Anti-Rh
Serum
Blood Type