Transcript The Circulatory System

PowerPoint® to accompany
Medical Assisting
Chapter 28
Second Edition
Ramutkowski  Booth  Pugh  Thompson  Whicker
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1
The Circulatory System
Objectives
28-1 Spell, define, and correctly use the Key Terms in
this chapter.
28-2 Describe the structure of the heart and the
function of each part.
28-3 Trace the flow of blood through the heart.
29-4 List the most common heart sounds and what
events produce them.
28-5 Explain how heart rate is controlled.
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The Circulatory System
Objectives (cont.)
28-6 List the different types of blood vessels and
describe the functions of each.
28-7 Define blood pressure and tell how it is
controlled.
28-8 Trace the flow of blood through the pulmonary
and systemic circulation.
28-9 List the major arteries and veins of the body and
describe their locations.
28-10 List and describe the components of blood.
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The Circulatory System
Objectives (cont.)
28-11 Give the functions of red blood cells, the
different types of white blood cells, and
platelets.
28-12 List the substances normally found in plasma.
28-13 Explain how bleeding is controlled.
28-14 Explain the differences among type A blood,
type B blood, type AB blood and type O blood.
28-15 Explain the difference between Rh positive
blood and Rh negative blood.
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The Circulatory System
Objectives (cont.)
28-16 Explain the importance of blood typing and tell
which blood types are compatible.
28-17 List the organs of the lymphatic system and give
their locations and functions.
28-18 Define lymph and tell how it is circulated in the
body.
28-19 Describe signs, symptoms, causes, and treatments
of various diseases and disorders of the heart,
blood vessels, blood and the lymphatic system.
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Introduction
 Circulation is the
process of sending
blood:
 To the lungs to pick up
oxygen
 To the digestive system to
pick up nutrients
 For delivery of oxygen
and nutrients to all organ
systems of the body
 The circulatory system
consists of the heart and
blood vessels.
 This system also
circulates waste
products to certain
organ systems so these
wastes can be removed
from the blood.
The lymphatic system is included because it also circulates
fluids throughout the body.
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Structure of the Heart
 A cone-shaped organ
about the size of a
loose fist
 Within the
mediastinum and
extends from the level
of the second rib to
about the level of the
sixth rib
 Slightly left of the
midline of the body.
 Heart is bordered:
 laterally by the
lungs
 posteriorly by the
vertebral column
 anteriorly by the
sternum
 Inferiorly the heart
rests on the
diaphragm.
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Coverings and Walls
of the Heart
 Heart Coverings
 Pericardium - covers
the heart and large
blood vessels
 Visceral pericardium
- innermost layer
 Parietal pericardium
- lays on top of the
visceral pericardium
Click for Larger View
 Heart Walls:
 Epicardium - the
outermost layer
 Myocardium - the
middle layer
 Endocardium - the
innermost layer
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Coverings and Walls
of the Heart
9
Heart Chambers
 Heart contains
four hollow
chambers
 Two atria – left
and right
 Two ventricles
– left and right
Click for Larger View
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The Heart Labeled
11
The Heart A.– No Labels
L.
M.
N.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
O.
P.
Q.
G.
H.
R.
I.
S.
J.
Click Next
for Answers
K.
Identify the Parts of the Heart
12
The Heart – Answers
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Aortic arch
Right pulmonary artery
Superior vena cava
Ascending aorta
Right pulmonary veins
Pulmonary semilunar
valve
G. Right Atrium
H. Right ventricle
I. Tricuspid valve
J. Inferior vena cava
K. Descending aorta
L. Left pulmonary artery
M. Pulmonary trunk
N. Left pulmonary veins
O. Left atrium
P. Aortic semilunar valve
Q. Mitral (bicuspid) valve
R. Septum
S. Left ventricle
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Heart Valves
 Tricuspid valve - prevents blood from flowing back
into the right atrium when the right ventricle
contracts
 Bicuspid valve - prevents blood from flowing back
into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts
 Pulmonary valve - prevents blood from flowing
back into the right ventricle
 Aortic valve - prevents blood from flowing back
into the left ventricle
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Path of Blood Through the
Heart
Deoxygenated
blood in
Deoxygenated blood
in from body
Atria Contract
Oxygenated blood
out to body
Oxygenated
blood in lungs
Deoxygenated
blood out to lungs
Ventricles Contract
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Heart Sounds
 One cardiac cycle - you can hear two heart
sounds (lubb and dupp) when valves in the
heart snap shut
 Lubb – 1st sound - when the ventricles
contract and the tricuspid and bicuspid valves
snap shut
 Dupp – 2nd sound - when the atria contract
and the pulmonary and aortic valves snap
shut.
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Apply Your Knowledge
Your 8-year-old patient has asked you
why his heart makes two noises. What
would you tell him?
17
Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
Your 8-year-old patient has asked you
why his heart makes two noises. What
would you tell him?
Lubb – 1st sound - when the ventricles contract
and the tricuspid and bicuspid valves snap shut
Dupp – 2nd sound - when the atria contract and
the pulmonary and aortic valves snap shut
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Heart Rate
 Cardiac conduction
system consists of a
group of structures
that send electrical
impulses through
the heart.
 When cardiac
muscle receives an
electrical impulse, it
will contract.
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Blood Vessels
 Arteries and Arterioles
 strongest of the blood vessels
 carry blood away from the heart easily and
are under high pressure
 have thick walls
 Veins and Venules
 no pressure in veins - does not move very
easily
 valves in veins prevent blood from flowing
backwards
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Blood Vessels - Capillaries
 Branches of arterioles - the smallest type
of blood vessel
 Connect arterioles to venules - only about
one cell layer thick
 Oxygen and nutrients can pass out of a
capillary into a body cell
 Carbon dioxide and other waste products
can pass out of a body cell into a capillary
21
Blood Pressure
 Force blood exerts on the inner walls
of blood vessels - highest in arteries
and lowest in veins
 Systolic pressure - ventricles
contract, blood pressure is greatest
in the arteries
 Diastolic pressure -the ventricles
relax, blood pressure in arteries is
at its lowest
 Reported as the systolic number
over the diastolic number.
22
Control of Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is controlled  Baroreceptors also
to a large extent by the
help regulate blood
amount of blood pumped out
pressure
of the heart
 Low BP causes the
Starling's law of the heart cardiac center of
blood enters the left ventricle,
the brain to
the wall of the ventricle is
increase heart rate
stretched. The more the wall
is stretched, the harder it will
contract, and the more blood
it will pump out.
23
Paths of Circulation
 Pulmonary Circuit
 right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary
trunk --> pulmonary arteries --> lungs -->
pulmonary veins --> heart (left atrium)
 Systemic Circuit
 left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta -->
arteries --> arterioles --> capillaries -->
venules --> veins --> vena cava --> heart (right
atrium)
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Major Blood
Vessels
 Arterial System
 carry oxygen rich
blood away from the
heart
 pulmonary arteries
carry oxygen poor
blood
 paired - left and right
artery of the same
name
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Major Blood Vessels (cont.)
 Venous System
 Vessels that carry
blood toward the
heart
 Pulmonary veins –
carry oxygen rich
blood
 Large veins often
have the same names
as the arteries they
run next to
 Hepatic portal system
 collection of veins
carrying blood to
the liver
Click for
Larger View
26
Major Blood
Vessels (cont.)
27
Apply Your Knowledge
Your patient wants to know what the
bottom number of his blood pressure
means. What would you say?
28
Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
Your patient wants to know what the
bottom number of his blood pressure
means. What would you say?
Diastolic pressure is when the ventricles of
the heart relax, blood pressure in arteries is
at its lowest.
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Components of Blood
A type of connective
tissue
 Red blood cells
(erythrocytes)
 White blood cells
(leukocytes
 Platelets-contains
cell fragments
 Plasma - fluid part
of blood (55% of
blood)
Average-sized adult
contains - 5 liters
of blood
Hematocrit (45%) percentage of
blood cells in a
sample of blood
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Red Blood Cells
 Transport oxygen throughout the body
 Are biconcave-shaped cells that are small enough
to pass through capillaries
 Hemoglobin is a pigment found on RBCs
 Oxyhemoglobin carries oxygen and is bright
red in color
 Deoxyhemoglobin does not carry oxygen and
is a darker red color
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Red Blood Cells (cont.)
32
White Blood Cells
Granulocytes
 Neutrophils – (55%) destroying bacteria, viruses, and
toxins in the blood stream
 Eosinophils – (3%) getting rid of parasitic infections
such as worm infections
 Basophils –(1%) control inflammation and allergic
reactions
Agranulocytes
 Monocytes – (8%) destroying bacteria, viruses, and
toxins in blood
 Lymphocytes – (33%) immunity for the body
33
Blood Platelets
 Fragments of cells that are found in
the blood stream
 Thrombocytes are important in the
clotting of blood
 130,000 to 360,000 platelets per cubic
millimeter of blood
34
Controlling Bleeding
 Hemostasis - the
stoppage of
bleeding
 Three processes of
hemostasis
 Blood vessel spasm
 Platelet plug
formation
 Blood coagulation
35
Platelet
Plug
Formation
36
Blood Plasma
Blood plasma is the liquid portion of blood.
Consists of:
 Nutrients
 Mostly water
 Mixture of proteins
 Albumins
 Globulins
 Fibrinogen
 Amino acids
 Glucose
 Nucleotides
 Lipids
 Gases
 Electrolytes
 Waste products
37
Apply Your Knowledge
Does the pulmonary arteries carry high
levels oxygen or low levels of oxygen in
the blood?
38
Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
Does pulmonary arteries carry high
levels oxygen or low levels of oxygen in
the blood?
Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen poor blood
39
ABO Blood Group
Blood Type Antigen
Present
Antibody
Present
Blood that can
be received
A
A
B
A&0
B
B
A
B&O
AB
AB
None
A, B, AB, & O
0
None
A&B
O
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RH Blood Group
 Rh positive person has red blood cells that
contain the Rh antigen
 Rh negative red blood cells do not contain
the Rh antigen
 Rh positive blood is given to Rh negative
person and antibodies form
 Second time this occurs antibodies will
bind to the donor cells and agglutination will
occur
41
Apply Your Knowledge
What type(s) of blood could a patient
who has type B blood receive without
complications?
42
Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
What type(s) of blood could a patient
who has type B blood receive without
complications?
Type B & O
43
The Lymphatic System
 A network of connecting vessels that collect
fluids between cells
 Lymphatic vessels then return this fluid
(called lymph) to the blood stream
 Picks up lipids from the digestive organs
and transports them to the blood stream
 Defend our bodies against diseasecausing agents called pathogens
44
The Lymphatic System
 Lymph Nodes
 digest unwanted pathogens in the lymph
 start an immune response against the pathogen
 Thymus
 production of T lymphocytes & hormone called
thymosin
 Spleen
 largest lymphatic organ
 spleen also removes worn out red blood cells
from the circulation
45
Lymph Fluid
 Tissue fluid that has
entered a lymphatic
capillary
 Pushed through the
vessels by the
squeezing action of
skeletal muscles
 Contain valves that
prevent the backflow
of lymph
Lymph Node
46
Diseases and Disorders of
the Circulatory System
 Anemia - a condition in which a person does
not have enough red blood cells or
hemoglobin in blood to carry an adequate
amount of oxygen to body cells
 Aneurysm - defined as a ballooning of an
artery wall that results when the wall of the
blood vessel becomes weak
47
Diseases and Disorders of
the Circulatory System (cont.)
 Carditis - an inflammation of the heart
 most commonly referred to as endocarditis,
myocarditis, or pericarditis depending on
the layer of the heart affected
 Congestive heart failure - a slowly
developing condition in which the heart
weakens over time.
48
Diseases and Disorders of
the Circulatory System (cont.)
 Coronary artery disease – (atherosclerosis)
characterized by narrowing of coronary
arteries
 Heart arrhythmias – abnormal heart rhythms
in which the heart beats too quickly
(tachycardia) or too slowly (bradycardia)
 Heart attack (myocardial infarction) –
damage to cardiac muscle that is due to a lack
of blood supply
49
Diseases and Disorders of
the Circulatory System (cont.)
 Hypertension (high blood pressure)
 defined as consistent resting blood pressure
140/90 mm Hg or higher
 Leukemia
 a condition in which the bone marrow produces
a large number of white blood cells that are not
normal
 Murmurs
 simply defined as abnormal heart sounds
50
Diseases and Disorders of
the Circulatory System (cont.)
 Sickle cell anemia
– a condition in
which abnormal
hemoglobin causes
red blood cells to
change to a sickle
(crescent) shape
 Thrombophlebitis
– a condition in
which a blood clot
and inflammation
develop in a vein
 Varicose veins –
dilated veins and
are usually seen in
the legs
51
Apply Your Knowledge
The doctor has told your patient she has
anemia. How would you explain this to
the her?
52
Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
The doctor has told your patient she has
anemia. How would you explain this to
the her?
Anemia is a condition in which a person does not
have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin in blood
to carry an adequate amount of oxygen to body cells.
53
Summary
Medical Assistant
Knowledge of the circulatory system will assist you
in providing care for the patient with diseases and
disorders of the circulatory system.
You must have knowledge of this system especially
when assisting the physician during his
examination of the circulatory system.
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End of Chapter
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