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Copyright Notice! This PowerPoint slide set is copyrighted by Ross Koning and is thereby preserved for all to use from plantphys.info for as long as that website is available. Images lacking photo credits are mine and, as long as you are engaged in non-profit educational missions, you have my permission to use my images and slides in your teaching. However, please notice that some of the images in these slides have an associated URL photo credit to provide you with the location of their original source within internet cyberspace. Those images may have separate copyright protection. If you are seeking permission for use of those images, you need to consult the original sources for such permission; they are NOT mine to give you permission. The “blood” of a grasshopper contains a greenish hemocyanin rather than the red hemoglobin for oxygen transport. The “blood” reenters the circulation system via the ostia for anterior flow. Circulation is not for gas exchange; uses trachea system. Body movement increases rate when more nutrients are needed. Seems inefficient for an active animal! ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company In insects such as this grasshopper, circulation is an open system Hemolymph Circulation in Dorsal Vessel of Insects http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cq--zXVc8Ww Lumbriculus variegatus : California mudworm This is an aquatic oligochaete annelid Mouth feeds in sediments Tail extends toward water surface for gas exchange Body walls nearly transparent for easy observation For example: may count pulses of blood in dorsal vessel http://scied.fullerton.edu/VIDA/VIDAImages/U2M5Lumbriculus /F00005.html http://www.westminster.net/faculty/cobler/Lumbriculus%20variegatus.jpg aortic arch ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Circulation in Lumbricus terrestris (showing just the left arches) What is NOT shown well in this cartoon? Gas exchange! ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Evolution of circulation systems among vertebrate classes Two capillary beds means slower flow, but gills are efficient Incomplete separation of two sides or BIRD means mixing blood of different quality. Homeotherms! Amphibians have skin exchange and reptiles have laminar flow. See Fig 45.22 pg 920 Respiratory/Circulatory Systems Ventilation system Fig 45.1 Page 903 gas exchange muscular pump glucose control nitrogenous waste gas exchange nutrient exchange blood cell replacement absorbing nutrients ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Circulation system in mammal (Homo sapiens) Blood movement within the four-chambered heart of vertebrates return from body …to lung semilunar valve tricuspid valve …from lung semilunar valve mitral valve Note: arteries take blood away from the heart…veins return to heart The difference is NOT about whether the blood is oxygenated or not! ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company …to body 2 Atria contract: ventricles filled, valves close ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Heart relaxes: atria filled by 1 system pressure 3 LUB DUB!! Ventricles contract: blood sent to lungs and body 4 Heart relaxes: system pressure closes valves atrial contraction “LUB” and Purkinje fibers ventricular contraction ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company initial instrinsic stimulus from “pacemaker” “DUB” Frog Lab Exercise: neural and intrinsic control The sounds are the slamming of valves…contraction is silent!