Transcript CH-8 Lecture - Horizon Medical Institute

Lecture Notes
Classroom Activity to
Accompany Medical
Terminology Systems, Sixth
Edition
Barbara A. Gylys ∙ Mary Ellen Wedding
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Cardiovascular
System
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure
• Composed of the
heart and blood
vessels
• Arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Function
• Circulates blood
• Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells
• Disposes of waste products
• Aids lymphatic system in circulating
its substances
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
Q: What is the main function of the heart?
A: Pump blood through blood vessels to all the cells of the body.
Q: What heart structures control blood flow to and from the heart?
A: Heart valves.
Q: What are some of the functions of the CV system?
A: Deliver oxygen, nutrients, and other essential substances to body
cells and remove waste products of cellular metabolism.
Q: What function does the CV system perform for the lymphatic
system?
A: Transports excess fluid from interstitial spaces in tissues and
returns it to the blood.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Signs and Symptoms
• Classic symptoms
include angina and
SOB.
• Risk factors are
smoking, stress,
physical inactivity,
family history, diabetes,
obesity, high
cholesterol, and
hypertension.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Signs and Symptoms
(continued)
•Accumulation of plaque
in arterial walls causing
them to harden.
•Complete blockage of
arterial wall caused by
blood clot formation or
ruptured plaque.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Treatment
• Lifestyle changes: quit smoking, low-fat
diet, regular exercise, weight reduction,
and stress reduction
• Pharmacological treatment to control
angina, hypertension, triglyceride levels,
and blood clots
• Surgical intervention includes
percutaneous transluminal coronary
angioplasty (PCTA)
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Q: Mrs. T presents with chest pain that radiates to her
left arm. She is pale and is perspiring profusely. An
EKG reveals necrosed heart tissue. The physician
diagnoses Mrs. T with (fibrillations, MI,
palpitations).
A: MI
Q: The nurse explains to Mr. X, who is diagnosed with
CAD, that lifestyle changes could reduce risk of
further heart complications. Lifestyle changes
include exercise regularly, lose weight, quit
smoking, reduce stress, and maintain a diet low in
saturated ______.
A: fat
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
(continued)
Q: A 50-year-old male presents to the clinic complaining of
pressure and pain in his chest. After a brief exam, the doctor
concludes his symptoms are due to lack of oxygen to the heart.
This condition is called angina _______.
A: pectoris
Q: Mr. S complains of chest pain, nausea, and SOB. A test to
record electrical activity of his heart is ordered. This diagnostic
test is called a/an __________.
A: electrocardiogram (EKG)
Q: Walter is scheduled for balloon angioplasty to crush fatty
deposits in the coronary vessel and improve blood flow. He is
told this is known as PCTA, the abbreviation for __________
________ ________ ________.
A: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Aneurysm
Signs and Symptoms
• Local dilation of an artery or chamber
of the heart due to weakening of its
walls.
• May cause thrombus formation,
hemorrhage from rupture, or
ischemia.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Aneurysm
Signs and Symptoms (continued)
• Aneurysms may be fusiform (spindle-shaped
enlargement), saccular (shaped like a sac), or
dissecting (layers of the vessel wall are separated).
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Aneurysm
Signs and Symptoms (continued)
• Three common types: abdominal,
thoracic, and peripheral artery
aneurysms.
• May be asymptomatic, but if the
person is slender, a pulsating middle
and upper abdominal mass may be
detected on routine physical
examination.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Aneurysm
Signs and Symptoms (continued)
• Symptoms may include mild to severe
weakness, sweating, tachycardia, and
hypotension.
Treatment
• Depends on the size and the likelihood of its
rupturing, as well as the general physical
status of the individual.
• Most are treated surgically.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Q: An aneurysm may cause weakness, sweating, tachycardia, and low blood
pressure, also known as (hypotension, hypertension, hypothymia).
A: hypotension
Q: During a PE, the doctor palpates and feels an abnormal dilation of a
blood vessel. This may be diagnosed as a/an (aneurysm, carcinoma,
tumor) _________________.
A: aneurysm
Q: Mr. J is advised that he needs to have his aneurysm removed. The
surgical procedure to excise an aneurysm is known as a/an
_____________________.
A: aneurysmectomy
Q: During surgery, the doctor discovers a spindle-shaped aneurysm in the
patient’s artery. This type of aneurysm is known as a/an (dissecting,
fusiform, saccular) aneurysm.
A: fusiform
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Medical Vocabulary
• angina pectoris
• arrhythmia
• atherosclerosis
• bruit
• deep vein thrombosis
• diastole
• embolus
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Medical Vocabulary
(continued)
• hypertension
• ischemia
• murmur
• Raynaud disease
• rheumatic heart disease
• thrombus
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures
• Cardiac
catheterization
• A catheter is
guided into the
heart via a vein or
artery.
• Cardiac enzyme
studies
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures
(continued)
• Holter monitor
• Stress test
• Troponin I
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures
(continued)
• EKG, ECG
• Ultrasound (US)
• Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
• Angiogram
• Computed tomography (CT) scan
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Word Building Exercise
Q: Record of electrical (activity) of the heart:
A: electrocardiogram
Q: Process of recording electrical (activity) of the heart:
A: electrocardiography
Q: Process of recording (radiography) a vein:
A: venography
Q: Process of recording (radiography) the aorta:
A: aortography
Q: Process of recording (radiography) vessels (heart and blood
vessels after injection of a contrast dye):
A: angiography
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
• Automatic
implantable
cardioverterdefibrillator (AICD)
• Device implanted in
a patient who is at
high risk for
developing a
serious arrhythmia
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
(continued)
• Angioplasty
• Coronary artery
bypass graft
• Valvuloplasty
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Q: Mr T must have surgery to bypass one or more of his blocked coronary arteries in
order to restore blood flow. This surgery is charted as coronary artery __________
surgery.
A: bypass
Q: Mr D is diagnosed with CAD. Treatment for his condition involves an endovascular
procedure that will reopen the narrowed blood vessels and restore blood flow. The
blocked vessel is usually opened by balloon dilation. This surgical procedure is
know as a/an (anastomosis, angioplasty, endartotomy)
A: angioplasty
Q: Lily is scheduled to have surgery on her mitral valve. The surgeon charts surgical
repair of the valve as __________________.
A: valvuloplasty
Q: Ms. B is diagnosed with ventricular fibrillation. The treatment of choice is to
implant a battery-powered device that monitors and automatically corrects
tachycardia by sending electrical impulses to the heart. The abbreviation for this
defibribllator is _____________.
A: AICD
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Pharmacology
• Beta blockers
• Nitrates
• Statins
• Thrombolytics
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Q: Mrs. T is diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis in her lower leg.
She is prescribed a drug that dissolves a blood clot. It is known
as a (beta blocker, nitrate, thrombolytic).
A: thrombolytic
Q: Mr. B is diagnosed with hypercholesterolemia and advised to
follow a low fat diet. He is prescribed a drug that reduces
cholesterol levels and is known as a (beta blocker, nitrate, statin).
A: statin
Q: Mrs S presents with angina pectoris and is prescribed a drug to
relieve her pain. It is called a (beta blocker, nitrate, statin).
A: nitrate
Q: To lower blood pressure, the doctor prescribes a (beta blocker,
nitrate, statin).
A: beta blocker
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