Transcript Lecture13 - FSU Computer Science Department

COP3502: Introduction to Computer Science
Hardware
Yashas Shankar
Overview of what you will learn this 2
weeks

Machine only know 0 and 1 what can we do with it, and
how?

Information are represented by electrical signals



Use switches to implement hardware instructions






0 usually refer to low voltage or no current
1 usually refer to high voltage or has current
AND
OR
NOT
ADD
MUL
How to store 0s and 1s into a storage (memory, hard drive,
etc)
Normally open switch
Control
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT
=
=
=
=
0,
0,
1,
1,
Control =
Control =
Control =
Control =
0
1
0
1




OUT
OUT
OUT
OUT
CONTROL
=
=
=
=
0
0
0
1
OUT
0
1
IN
0
0
0
1
0
1
Normally closed switch
Control
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
=
=
=
=
0,
0,
1,
1,
Control =
Control =
Control =
Control =
0
1
0
1
OUT




OUT
OUT
OUT
OUT
CONTROL
=
=
=
=
0
0
1
0
OUT
0
1
IN
0
0
0
1
1
0
LOGIC

There are only 2 values



0 (zero): usually stands for FAULT or no current
1 (one): usually stands for TRUE or have current
Most common rules for logics

AND


OR


Example: X and Y are even numbers
X is even number or Y is even number
NOT

X is not an even number
AND
** P AND Q are true  P is true AND Q is true **
** Note: we use concatenation for AND **
P
1
1
0
0
AND
Q
1
0
1
0
PQ
1
0
0
0
OR
** P OR Q is true  P is true OR Q is true OR both are true**
** Note: we use + for OR **
P
1
1
0
0
OR
Q
1
0
1
0
P+Q
1
1
1
0
NOT
If P is true NOT P is false
If P is false NOT P is true
We use ‘ for NOT
P
P’
0
1
1
0
AND GATE
P
Q
P
1
1
0
0
PQ
Normally open switch
Q
P
PQ
AND
Q
1
0
1
0
PQ
1
0
0
0
NOT GATE
P
P
1
0
P’
Normally closed switch
1
P
P’
NOT
P’
0
1
OR GATE
P
Q
P+Q
P
1
1
0
0
OR
Q
1
0
1
0
P+Q
1
1
1
0
How to build an OR gate?
P + Q = (P’Q’)’
** OR gate can be built from NOT gate and AND gates **
Binary Arithmetic
Addition
+
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
10
Multiplication
x
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
Building instructions from AND, OR,
and NOT gates
Example#1: Instruction PQ + P’Q’ (see Figure 7.6)
Example#2: One-bit half adder (HA) (see Figure 7.7)
Example#3: One-bit full adder (FA) (see Figure 7.8)
Example#4: Four-bit full adder (see Figure 7.10)
Multiplexor

Multiplexor (multi-way switch) is typically used to select
values or instructions
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
Select A or B
Select ADD or MUL
A 2-way multiplexor (Figure 7.11)
A 2-function arithmetic unit (Figure 7.12)
Truth table
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Example#1 (P’Q’)’
Example#2 (PQ + P’Q’)
Example#3 (P’Q + PQ’)
Example#4 (a + b)c