Transcript WHY study music? 1. Musician 2. Advertising 3

WHY study music?
1. Musician
2. Advertising
3. Presentations at work or party
4. Knowledge to impress co-workers
5.putting on a profession show
6. arts separate us as a species (for
enjoyments sake)
What is Music? Organized sound in time?
Performance was only media today blessed with
high quality recordings and playback mobile
devices plus unprecedented access to all kinds of
music.
What is Sound? Vibrations interpreted by Brain
into anything you hear
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FOUR MAIN properties of sound :
Pitch
Dynamics
Tone Color
Rhythm (time)
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PITCH: highness or lowness of defiant vibrations
(frequency of sound waves)= tones (440 cycles per
second)
distance between two tones is interval ( i.e. 440 to
460)
tones that are doubled or half are called octave (i.e
220 to 440 to 880)
In western music octave is divided into twelve tones
Non-western can have more.
Definite pitch (piano, guitar, trumpets, keyboards) Vs.
Indefinite (drums, percussive)
• DYNAMICS: degrees of loudness and softness
(amplitude)
• accent= play one or few notes differently than those
around it
• dynamic markings = pp(pianissimo) ,p (piano) ,mp
(mezzo piano),mf (mezzo forte),f (forte),ff (fortissimo)
• crescendo & decrescendo
• TONE COLOR: timbre = bright, dark, brilliant, mellow,
rich, ect…
• By combining instruments, using different ways to play
them and with today’s electronics almost and infinite
amount of tone colors available.
• Rhythm (time)
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How fast or slow (tempo) (BPM)
Number of beats in a measure
Feels (laidback, on top,ect..)
All instruments or vocalist play time
• HOW VOCALS RELATE TO PITCH/ DYNAMICS/ TONE COLOR/ RHYTHM
• pitch octaves (12 notes on piano)
• VOICES = Singing styles use all 4 or some of the properties of music plus
introduces
words and story telling.
• Pitch Range of vocal= pro singers can get up to 2 octaves (octave is
doubled same pitch freq 220hz 440hz 880hz ect.)
• larger vocal chords make larger sine wavs (lower pitch) four basic ranges:
SOPRANO, ALTO, TENOR, BASS
• Methods of singing or singing style differ with how singer
uses the four types of sound & lyrically content.
• Examples – Opera uses wide pitch range, tone color of
singer?, lots of dynamics, and varying rhythms
• JAZZ = good pitch range but less than Opera / dynamics Big/
rhythm varies but less, goes with the groove/
• Rock / Pop = usually uses less pitch range, tone color of
singer, some dynamics, less rhythmic variations
• Hip Hop / Rap = usually uses almost no pitch range , tone
color of singer, less dynamics, relies heavily on rhythm
Performance media
INSTRUMENTS = mechanism other than a voice that
produces musical sounds. (single note or multi)
CLASSES OF INSTRUMENTS
1 WOODWIND
2 BRASS
3PERCUSSION
4 STRING
5 KEYBOARD
6 ELECTRONIC
Different class of types sometimes have
Soprano,
Alto
Tenor
Bass (Baritone or Contra)
subclasses determined by pitch
Advantages/ differences to voices
wider range, faster, more tone color options,
larger dynamic range, sometimes easier to
produce tones than singing, can be organized
into multiple different groups to produce
varying types of sound combinations.
• WOODWINDS
• traditional made out of wood
• produce sound with air columns that have
holes that are covered or uncovered to change
length of air column.
• produces only one note at a time.
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Flute family
(flute, piccolo, recorder-NO reed)
Clarinet Family
(clarinet & saxophone –single reed)
• Saxophones- Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bari
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Oboe Family
(oboe, English horn -double reed)
Bassoon Family
(bassoon, contrabassoon – double reed)
• BRASS
• Four Main instruments are
• Trumpet
• Trombone
• French Horn
• Tuba
• blowing into cup of funnel shaped mouth piece ,
vibrations come from players lips not a reed.
• tone is then colored in the flared end called the
BELL.
• pitch is controlled by varying lip tension and by
values and slides to change the length of the tube
(sometimes hand on a French horn).
• tone color can be altered by using a mute (made
of wood, plastic, or metal) on or in the bell
• single note instruments
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THE RHYTHM SECTION
Drum-set
Percussion
Bass (Stringed)
The Guitar (Stringed)
Keyboards
• THE DRUMSET (Indefinite Pitch)
• Bass drum
• Snare
• Tom Toms
• Rack Toms
• Floor Toms
• Cymbals
• Rides & Crash
• Hi Hats
• Percussion
• Indefinite Pitch
• Tambourines
• Shakers
• Cowbells
• Definite Pitch
• Chimes
• Vibes
• BASS (definite pitch /low range)
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Electric
Fretless electric
Acoustic upright
Arco technique
• Guitar (Definite Pitch / Mid range)
• Acoustic
• Arch Top
• Electric
• Keyboard (Definite Pitch / Full Range)
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The Piano (88 Keys)
The Organ
Fender Rhodes
Analog Synthesizer
Digital Synthesizer
THE COMPUTER (analog and digital looping)
• ANALOG TAPE STUDIO
• recorded sound was manipulated by slowing
and speeding tape cutting or splicing tape
• length of looped tape could be timed to give
rhythmic feel
• COMPUTERS
• with use of MIDI (code that allows digital
instruments and computers to talk to one
another) computers can now not only record
music but be part of the creation process.
• with programs you can control sound ,
change sound, fix sound. (GOOD vs. BAD)
• I.E. fixing singers pitch, rhythm, same with
any instrument but can create sounds and
rhythms that are physically impossible to do
live.
CLASSES OF INSTRUMENTS
1 WOODWIND
2 BRASS
3PERCUSSION
4 STRING
5 KEYBOARD
6 ELECTRONIC
THE RHYTHM SECTION
Drum-set
Percussion
Bass (Stringed)
The Guitar (Stringed)
Keyboards
• STANDARD OR COMMMON
• GROUPS &ENESEMBLES
• TONE COLOR MIX
• RANGE COMPLIMENTS
• DYNAMIC COMPLIMENTS
• ROLE PLAYING (Harmony /Melody/Rhythm ect..)
Typical Pop/Rock Band:
Drums = TIME/RHYTHM/FEEL
Bass = TIME & ROOT NOTES
Guitar = TIME & CHORDS & LEADS
Keys = CHORDS & EFFECT
Vocals = LEAD MELODY
HORNS = LEADS & EFFECTS
• HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 1
• FINDING LOCAL STL MUSICIANS & VENUES
• MUSICAL NOTATION
• (writing & reading music)
• RHYTHMIC NOTATION
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• MELODIC NOTATION
RHYTHM
Beat or Pulse=where is it felt?
Examples?
Measured in BPM (beats per minute)
Speed referred to as TEMPO (how fast how slow)
• TEMPOS
• Pop/Rock/Jazz/Hip Hop
• usually steady
• Classical / Orchestral
• tempos can vary inside the piece
• Italian tempo markings on p. 32
• (know at least a couple of these!)
• Largo – very slow, broad
• Grave – very slow, solemn
• Adagio – slow
• Andante – moderately slow, walking pace
• Moderato – moderate
• Allegretto – moderately fast
• Allegro – fast
• Vivace – lively
• Presto – very fast
• Prestissimo – as fast as possible
• Meter ( 2 ,3, 4, 6,7, ect..)
• (duple, triple, quadruple, sextuple, ect…)
• Dynamic accent = to emphasize a note in the
rhythm
• Syncopation = when the accented note is
between beats or where you wouldn’t
normally expect it
• Rhythm notation
• Time Signatures ¾ 4/4 6/8
• pulse – 3 or 4 (the 4/4 measure most
common)
• Rhythm notation
• stems and flags
• whole notes thru 16th notes equal too how
many 16ths in 4/4 measure
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Rhythm notation
dotted notes ( 1 ½ value)
rest and dotted rest
ties / triplets (3 over 2)
MELODIC NOTATION
The KEYBOARD
-keyboard has most of the available notes or range of all traditional instruments
-keyboard is used as basis and most musicians also play a little piano as well
staff related to notes on keyboard
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The KEYBOARD
CHROMATIC SCALE = all 12 tones from octave to octave
Whole steps = 2 movements in the chromatic scale
Half steps = 1 movement in the chromatic scale
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• MELODIC NOTATION
• The Grand Staff
• TREBLE & BASS CLEFS
• Every Good Boy Does Fine /FACE – Treble
• Good Boys Do Fine Always / All Cows Eat Grass -Bass
SCALES & KEYS
Single Note MELODY LINE
• CLEF (Treble or Bass)
• Key Signature
• Time Signature
• NOTES and ACCIDENTALS
CHORDS
CHORD SYMBOLS
PIANO MUSIC
Melody in the right hand – Single notes
Harmony in the left hand - Chords
THE SCORE
• Individual parts
• The conductors Score
• Lead Sheets
THE LEAD SHEET
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 2
Notation identification
• MELODY
• Melody usually single note phrases that is the LEAD of the
piece
• = single notes that add to a recognizable whole
• A MELODY HAS
• START / MIDDLE / END
• DIRECTION / SHAPE / CONTINUITY
• UP & DOWN
• A MELODY HAS
• TENSION & RELEASE
• EXPECTION & ARRIVAL
• MOVING IN STEPS or LEAPS
• A MELODY HAS
• RANGE = highest & lowest notes used in the melody (highest
often called the CLIMAX)
Time & Rhythm
are very important & can make melody unrecognizable
Legato vs. Staccato
Phrases & Sequence
Incomplete Cadence vs.
Complete Cadence
• THEMES
• Re-occuring Elements
• Pitches
• Rhythms
• Melodic shapes
• Tone Colors
• Associations
•HARMONY
• To accompany with chords or other, related to the
Main Melody but separate.
• The Backround usually
• Usually composed second
• Multiple melodies can be imposed over same
harmony
• Harmony can be changed around original Melody
• HARMONY
• HARMONY = chords (more than 1 note at a time)
• how they are constructed
• Progressions (how they follow 1 another)
• Melody usually written 1st & dictates
harmony will be
• harmony can move & change against melody
to create new textures
• Basic Chord vocab. Has remained constant for
hundreds of years, but new chord constructs
do appear now& then.
• CONSONANCE vs. DISSONANCE
• Consonance = points of arrival, rest,
resolution, they sound finished
• Dissonance = create tension, onward motion
towards consonance, considered “active”
• harshness of dissonant chords is relative to
time periods
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• THE TRIAD
most common type of chords most basic
made of only 3 different tones
other chords can have 4, 5, 6, and more
different notes.
notated as Root , 3rd, 5th, stacking on staff
4 basic TRIADS / MAJ, MIN, DIM, AUG
• BROKEN CHORDS (Arpeggios)
• playing of chords (triads) as individual notes in
sequence instead of all at the same time.
• KEYS
• Most melody and harmony are built around
key centers (scales)
• Chromatic scale all 12 tones of western octave
(movement on keyboard)
• Key signatures ( sharps and flats to add or take
away)
--MAJOR KEYS
C major scale (white keys / tetra chord steps in
chromatic scale / steps same everywhere just higher or
lower)
MINOR KEYS
--minor scales (sad keys)
• Modulation (Changing of keys)
• Tonic key (key you started in)
• MUSICAL TEXTURE
• Monophonic
• Polyphonic
• Homophonic
• MUSICAL TEXTURE
• Monophonic
• 1 melodic line Unison if more
• Can have 1 or more than one voice or instrument
playing/singing the same line
• MUSICAL TEXTURE
• Polyphonic
• more than 1 melodic line combined to make
COUNTERPOINT
• Imitation = Row Row Row Your boat …
• as a Round is strict imitation.
• Imitation is not always strict
• MUSICAL TEXTURE
• Homophonic
• 1 melody accompanied by chords
• most Common in Western Music today
• when chords become more than just whole or 1/2
notes we can push boundaries of polyphonic
• MUSICAL FORM
• techniques for:
• Repetition / Contrast / Variation
• Modern forms
• (verse /pre-chorus/Chorus/bridge/solo)
• strange to have a THRU composed
• MUSICAL FORM
• Two Part (Binary Form)
• Form AB can subdivide
• AABB ABB AAB etc…..
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• MUSICAL FORM
THREE PART (Tertiary)
(can be subdivided)
ABC
ABA’ etc…..
• modern POP song forms
• verse/ chorus/solos / bridge/ intro / tags/
outro/ inst break / ect…
• IN CLASS EXERCISE
• Analyze FORM of:
• Help
• Hard Days Night
• HELP by The Beatles
• Intro (A)
• Verse (B )
• Chorus (C)
• Verse 2 (B’)
• Chorus (C)
• Verse 3 (B’’)
• Chorus (C)
• TAG
• HARD DAYS NIGHT by The Beatles
• Verse 1 (A)
• Verse 2 (A’)
• Bridge (B)
• Verse 1 (A)
• Guitar solo (A’’)
• ½ verse (1/2 A)
• Bridge (B)
• Verse 1 (A)
• TAG
• HOMEWORK Assignment 3
• Pick your own song to write out form