Transcript The Periodic Table

The Periodic Table
How the periodic table is put together
What is the Periodic
Table?
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It is an organizational system for
elements.
What do all the numbers mean?
Who created it?
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By 1860 about 60 elements were
known and a method was needed for
organization.
In 1869, Russian chemist Dimitri
Mendeleev proposed arranging
elements by atomic weights and
properties.
The table contained gaps but
Mendeleev predicted the discovery of
new elements.
So how is it arranged?
The periodic table is organized in a grid.
 The elements are placed in specific places
because of the way they look and act.
 There are rows (left to right) and columns
(up and down) , and they each mean
something different.
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You've got Your Periods...
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Each row is considered
to be a different period
(Get it? Like PERIODic
table.)
Even though they skip
some squares in
between, all of the rows
go left to right.
Periods = Rows
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In the periodic table, elements have something in
common if they are in the same row.
All of the elements in a period have the same
number of atomic shells/orbitals.
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Every element in the top row (the first period) has one
shell for its electrons.
All of the elements in the second row (the second
period) have two shells for their electrons.
It goes down the periodic table like that.
As you move down through the
periods an extra electron shell is
added:
E.g. Lithium has 3
electrons
in the
H
configuration 2,1
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Na
M
g
Al
Si
P
S
Cl Ar
K
Ca
Sodium has 11
C
Fe
Ni
Zn
electrons in the
u
configuration 2,8,1
Ag
Pt
Potassium has 19 electrons
in the configuration
2 8 8 __
1
__,__,__,
A
u
H
g
Ne
Br Kr
I
Xe
And you got your groups…
The periodic table
has a special name
for its columns too.
 When a column
goes from top to
bottom, it's called
a group.

Groups = Columns
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The elements in a group have the same number
of Valence electrons.
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Every element in the first column (group 1) has one
valence electron in its outer shell.
Every element on the second column (group two) has
two valence electrons in the outer shell.
There are some exceptions to the order when
you look at the transition elements
Elements in the same group have the same
number of electrons in the outer shell
(this correspond to their group number)
H
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Na
M
g
Al
Si
P
S
Cl Ar
K
Ca
Fe
Ni
C
u
Zn
Ag
All group 1 metals
have __ electron in
their outer shell
Pt
A
u
Br Kr
I
H
g
These elements have
__ electrons in their
outer shells
Ne
Xe
These elements
have __ electrons
in their outer shell
Some Symbols don’t match their name:
•
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Sodium – Na
Potassium - K
Iron - Fe
Copper - Cu
Silver - Ag
Tin - Sn
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Antimony – Sb
Tungsten – W
Gold - Au
Mercury - Hg
Lead - Pb
QUIZ ON TUESDAY 9/15
Other than periods and groups, the
table is divided into families.
Each family has a specific name to
differentiate it from the other
families in the periodic table.
Elements in each family
react differently with
other elements.
ALKALI METALS
•HIGHLY reactive
due to having 1
valence electron
Hydrogen is not a member, it is a
non-metal
•Metals- Solid @
Room temp
•malleable, ductile,
good conductors of
heat and electricity.
•can explode if they
are exposed to water
COLOR BLUE
ALKLINE EARTH METALS
•Metals- Solid
@Room Temp
•2 valence
electrons
•White, silvery,
and malleable
•Reactive, but
LESS than
Alkali metals
COLOR RED
TRANSITION METALS
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COLOR YELLOW
Metals
Almost all are solids
at room temp
(except Hg)
Good conductors of
heat and electricity.
1 or 2 Valence
Electrons
Less Reactive than
Alkali and Alkaline
Earth
RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
•many are man-made
•Some are Radioactive
COLOR GREY
OTHER METALS
•are ductile
and malleable
•are solid, have
a high density
COLOR LIGHT BLUE
METALLOIDS
•have properties of both metals and nonmetals
•Some of the metalloids are semiconductors.
• This means that they can carry an
electrical charge under special
conditions.
• This property makes metalloids
useful in computers and calculators
COLOR PURPLE
NON-METALS
Hydrogen
is
included!!!
•Not able to conduct electricity or heat very well
•Very Brittle
COLOR GREEN
HALOGENS
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7 electrons in the outer shell
Non-metals
Very reactive - are often bonded with
Group 1 Alkali Metals
Has 2 gases, 1 liquid (Br), and 2 solids
COLOR PINK
NOBLE GASES
Group 8
 Exist as gases
 Non-metals
 8 electrons in the outer shell = Full
 Helium (He) has only 2 electrons in
the outer shell = Full
 Not reactive with other elements
COLOR ORANGE