Transcript The Periodic Table of Elements - PAMS-Doyle

The Periodic Table of
Elements
Not just a table, the key to
matter!!!!!!!
One of the greatest songs!
• http://www.privatehand.com/flash/element
s.html
The Wonders of the Periodic
Table
Arranging the Elements
• Dmitri Mendeleev (1887), a Russian
scientist, looked at the chemical and
physical properties of elements and
organized them on the basis of their
similarities
• By arranging the 63 known elements, he
found that by placing them by increasing
atomic weight he could put them into 7
groups, or columns.
• He found the pattern, all the elements in a
column have the same valences, the
number of electrons in the outer shell
The Modern Periodic
Table
• British scientist, Henry
Mosley, arranged the
elements according to their
atomic number
• The Periodic Law states
that the physical and
chemical properties of the
elements are periodic
functions of their atomic
number
Design of the Periodic
Table
• Classification system
used to organize all
the elements
• Information can be
obtained about each
element just by where
it is placed in the
periodic table!
Columns
• Called groups or
families
• Have similar, but not
identical properties
Rows
• Also called periods
• Elements are not alike in the rows
• First element in a row is an
extremely active solid, where as the
last is always an inactive gas
• There are 7 periods, with period 6
separated out to make the periodic
table shorter
• Each of the rows fills the same
electron orbits
Columns and Rows
Element Key, each element has
their own…….
It is just the beginning!!!!
Let’s look at what we have…
Most of the 109 elements
are classified as metals
Physical properties:
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Luster or shininess
Ductile means made into thin wires
Malleable means hammered into thin sheets
Allows heat and electricity to pass through
Have a high density
Chemical Properties of Metals
• Depends on the number of electrons in
the outer shell of the atom
• These outer shell electrons are weakly
held and tend to be lost when they
chemically combined
• Easily react with water and gases in the
atmosphere
• Metals are corrosive, they wear away
ex. rust and tarnish
Position of Elements
Nonmetals
• Physical properties are opposite of
metals, they are dull, brittle, and
break easily, they are not ductile or
malleable, and they can be a solid,
liquid, or a gas
• Chemical properties are determined
by the number of electrons in their
outer shell
• Last row has 8 electrons in their
outer shell, so they are non reactive
Metalloids
• They have properties of both metals
and nonmetals
• Metal-like
• They conduct heat and electricity,
but not as well as metals
• Can be shiny or dull
• Are ductile and malleable
• Include; boron, silicon, germanium,
arsenic, antimony, tellurium,
polonium, and astatine
Chemical Families
• Elements within
the same family
on the periodic
table have similar
properties
because they
have the same
number of
valence electrons
Alkali Metals
Group 1
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Single electron in their outer shell
Soft, silver-white, and shiny
Can be cut with a knife
Good conductors of heat and electricity
So highly reactive they are never found
free in nature
• Violent reaction in water
Alkaline Earth Metals
Group 2
• They have 2 electrons in their outer shell
• Not quite as reactive as the alkali metals
because they loose 2 electrons when
combining chemically
• Never found free in nature because they
are so reactive
• Calcium and magnesium are important
part of this family
The Transition Metals
Groups 3-12
• They have two electrons in their outer
shell except Cr, Cu, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Ag,
PT, and Au have one.
• These share electrons when they combine
chemically
• Conduct heat and electricity
• Many are familiar: gold, silver, zinc, iron,
nickel, copper, and tin
Zinc
Boron Family
Group 13
• They have 3 valence electrons in their
outer shell
• Boron is metalloid, while aluminum, and
the rest of the family are metals
• Aluminum is the most abundant metal and
the 3rd most abundant element in the
Earth’s crust
• Family includes; boron, aluminum, gallium,
indium, and thallium
Carbon Family
Group 14
• Has 4 valence electrons in their outer shells
• Carbon is a nonmetal, silicon and germanium
are metalloids
• Carbon makes over 5 million different
compounds and is the “basis of life”
• Silicon is the second most abundant element
in the Earth’ crust, important in computer
chips
• Family includes carbon, silicon, germanium,
tin, and lead
Nitrogen Family
Group 15
• Have 5 valence electrons in their outer shells
• Tend to share electron when they chemically
combined
• Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the
earth’s atmosphere
• Phosphorus is an active nonmetal that is not
found free in nature
• Family includes: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic,
antimony, and bismuth
Oxygen Family
Group 16
• Have 6 valence electrons in their outer shell
• They share electrons when chemically
combined
• Oxygen is the most abundant element in the
Earth’s crust and second most abundant
element in the atmosphere
• Oxygen is an extremely reactive element and
combines with almost all other elements
• Family members include; oxygen, sulfur,
selenium, tellurium, and polonium
The Halogens
Group 17
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Have 7 valence electrons in their outer shell
They are the most reactive nonmetals
Never found free in nature
They share or gain one electron when they
chemically combined
• Halogen means salt formers and all compounds
with halogens are called salts.
• Astatine is a metalloid
• Family members include: chlorine, fluorine,
bromine, iodine, and astatine
Noble Gases
Group 18
• They have 8 electrons in their outer shell,
except helium which has 2, means they
are normally un-reactive
• Also known as the inert gases
• Found in small amount is the Earth’s
atmosphere, argon the most common
• Family members include; helium, neon,
argon, krypton, xenon, and radon
After failing 3 chemistry tests, Jake and Jack’s parents wall papered
their room with the Periodic Table!!!!!!
Rare-Earth Elements
• These have properties that are similar to one another
• All have 2 valence electrons
• They have been moved to the bottom to make the
periodic table easier to read
• First row is the lanthanide series, shiny, soft, malleable
metals, that are conductive
• The second row is the actinide series, all are radioactive
and only the first four are present in nature
• Elements numbered 92-118 are all synthetic and
radioactive
• Uranium is the best known rare-earth metal
Periodic Properties of the Elements
• Certain properties of elements vary in regular
ways from left to right across a period. These
properties include electron arrangement,
reactivity, atomic size, and metallic properties
Valence Electrons
Ionic Charges
Atomic Radius
Now don’t pretend…