Transcript intestinal infection

Universal Laws &
the Case of Cholera
John P. McCaskey
The Case of Cholera
A.D.
40
1493
1592
Venise, 1493
•
•
•
•
•
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Flatulence
Turning of the intestines
Ejection both upwards and
downwards of bile that
resembles water at first, but
then looks as if meat had
been washed in it, sometimes
white, sometimes black or
variegated.
100s
200s
1746
Lugduni
Batavorum:
1592.
Lugduni Batavorum: 1746
1500s
1600s
1700s
 Summer cholera
1819
1829
 Infants cholera
 Cholera with fever
 Cholera without fever
 Cholera from
poisoning
 Cholera from eating
something
undigestible
 Contagious cholera
 Non-contagious
cholera
 Indian /Asiatic
cholera
 “True” cholera
C. spontanea
C. accidentalis
1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s
1825
Epidemic C.
= C. Morbus
C. spontanea
C. accidentalis
1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s
1832
Epidemic C.
= C. Morbus ≠ ?
C. spontanea
C. accidentalis
1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s
1854
Broad Street Pump
Epidemic
Epidemic Cholera
Cholera Morbus
C. spontanea
C. accidentalis
1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s
1870
Epidemic Cholera
Cholera Morbus
C. spontanea
C. accidentalis
Asiatic Cholera
Bilious Cholera
European Cholera
Cholera Infantum
Cholera Morbus
1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s
1883
Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch
Cholera Outbreak
Cairo
Epidemic Cholera
Cholera Morbus
C. spontanea
C. accidentalis
Asiatic Cholera
Bilious Cholera
European Cholera
Cholera Infantum
Cholera Morbus
1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s
1. Is cholera produced by a specific infectious material that comes only from India?
7. Can the infectious material be found in vomit, or also in blood, urine, sweat, and breath?
16. Is evidence of the comma bacillus diagnostically valuable?
“True cholera”
(wirklich, echt)
2015
1894
1910
Epidemic Cholera
Cholera Morbus
1914
Asiatic Cholera
Bilious Cholera
European Cholera
Cholera Infantum
Cholera Morbus
Asiatic Cholera  Choler
:
Cholera Infantum
Cholera Morbus
1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s
A Universal Exceptionless
Scientific Law
A person kept away from the bacterium
Vibrio cholerae cannot get cholera.
The Case of Tides
http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/66641.html
https://wattsupwiththat.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/high-low-tide-blackpool.jpg
http://www.amusingplanet.com/2012/03/tides-at-bay-of-fundy.html
https://wattsupwiththat.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/high-low-tide-blackpool.jpg
William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)
1687
Isaac Newton
Principia (1687), Proposition LXVI
1882
William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)
1882
A Universal Exceptionless
Scientific Law
Maximum amplitude of tides occurs when
earth, sun and moon align.
Ohm’s Law
http://airborn.com.au/photo1/davercon.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:3_Resistors.jpg
http://ruralmissouri.coop/09pages/09JanLightBulbMakers.html
Georg Ohm
1827
1873
James Clerk Maxwell
1873
James Clerk Maxwell
A Universal Exceptionless
Scientific Law
In a resistor, current increases when voltage
increases.
http://www.batesville.k12.in.us/physics/phynet/e%26m/current/labs/images/complete_circuit.gif
Nominal
Definition
Definition by
Formal Cause
Universal
Statements
Cholera is a malady with
vomiting, diarrhea,
intestinal griping, no
urination, spasms in the
leg.
Cholera is an intestinal
infection caused by Vibrio
cholerae.
Cholera can be
prevented by
eliminating Vibrio
cholerae.
Tides are regular rising
and falling of sea levels
that occur about twice a
day.
Tides are regular rising
and falling of sea levels
caused by gravitational
forces.
Greatest amplitude
of tides occurs
when sun, moon,
and earth align.
Electrical resistance is a
material’s opposition to
the passage of electricity.
The resistance of a device
is the ratio of voltage
across it to current
through it.
In a resistor,
current increases
when voltage
increases.
Dew is moisture on the
ground after nights when
there was no rain.
Dew is droplets that
appear on exposed objects
in the morning or evening
due to condensation.
Dew will not form
on surfaces
warmer than the
surrounding air.
Concepts are Organic
Personal and discretionary
Evolve and mature
Boundaries can be
changed.
Boundaries differ in
stability.
Good, bad, better, worse
Concepts are Organic
Personal and discretionary
Clarity
Stability
Parsimony
Evolve and mature
Consistenc
y
Conceptual
Boundaries
...
Complete
-ness
Communication
Interpersonal
Relations
Boundaries can be
changed.
Boundaries differ in
stability.
Good, bad, better, worse
Concepts are Organic
Clarity
Stability
Parsimony
Consistenc
y
Conceptual
Boundaries
...
Complete
-ness
Essentialized
definitions
• eliminate fuzziness
• promote stability
• enable universal laws
episteme
Communication
Interpersonal
Relations
Consensus is
• only one
desideratum
• not necessary
• also organic
Scientific Knowledge
Objective
• Discretionary
• Subjective
• Arbitrary
•
•
•
•
Intrinsic
Goal-Directed
Normative
Good / Bad
Personal and discretionary
Evolve and mature
Boundaries can be
changed.
Boundaries differ in
stability.
Good, bad, better, worse
1973
Philosophers of
science
commonly concede
that early philosophers
of science were
hopelessly confused.
1973
Philosophers of
science
commonly concede
that early philosophers
of science were
hopelessly confused.
All swans are white.
All emeralds are green.
Every spring exerts a force proportional to displacement.
Every red-hooded tanager (piranga rubriceps) has a red head.
Two Conceptions of Induction
Scholastic Induction
Particular &
universal
proposition
s
Induction is a
proceeding from
particulars to a
universal.
Socratic Induction
Particular
things &
universal
terms
Socratic Induction
What is piety?
Prosecuting a wrongdoer, even if your own father.
That’s an example. What is piety itself?
Doing what pleases the gods.
But gods disagree.
And there are many kinds of disagreement:
Disagreement over which number is greater.
Disagreement over which thing is larger.
Disagreement over which thing is heavier.
Disagreement over just and unjust.
Disagreement over beautiful and ugly.
Disagreement over good and bad.
Two things may be
ascribed to Socrates:
inductive reasoning
and universal
definitions.
But is it pious because it pleases
the gods or does it please the gods
because it is pious?
Piety is what pleases all gods.
What is the difference?
What is loved vs. what loves.
What is led vs. what leads.
What is seen vs. what sees.
So . . . what is admired vs. what admires.
I don’t know which.
Let’s start over. Isn’t everything pious also just but not vice versa?
Yes.
Then piety is a kind of justice. What kind?
Scholastic Induction
A kind of inference
that gains force the
more it is like a
complete
enumeration, an
argument that can
be rendered as a
syllogism.
A kind of
inference
inferior to
deduction.
Positive
instances
determine
reliability.
Particulars and
universals are
primarily
propositions
Ampliation takes place at
the propositional level.
Socratic Induction
A compare-andcontrast process for
discovering properties
that characterize all
members of a kind,
some of which are
unique to the kind,
some of which even
define the kind.
Not an
inference
and not
inferior to
deduction.
Breadth and
depth of
comparisons
determine
reliability.
Ampliation takes place at the
conceptual level.
Particulars and
universals are
primarily things,
concepts, or
terms.
Tradition of Socratic Induction
Nominal
Definition
Definition by
Formal Cause
Universal
Statements
Cholera is a malady with
vomiting, diarrhea,
intestinal griping, no
urination, spasms in the
leg.
Cholera is an intestinal
infection caused by Vibrio
cholerae.
Cholera can be
prevented by
eliminating Vibrio
cholerae.
Tides are regular rising
and falling of sea levels
that occur about twice a
day.
Tides are regular rising
and falling of sea levels
caused by gravitational
forces.
Greatest amplitude
of tides occurs
when sun, moon,
and earth align.
Electrical resistance is a
material’s opposition to
the passage of electricity.
The resistance of a device
is the ratio of voltage
across it to current
through it.
In a resistor,
current increases
when voltage
increases.
Dew is moisture on the
ground after nights when
there was no rain.
Dew is droplets that
appear on exposed objects
in the morning or evening
due to condensation.
Dew will not form
on surfaces
warmer than the
surrounding air.