Transcript Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes
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On Second Page
 3. Parts of Speech - way of categorizing words in
isolation (singly)
 (8 Parts = noun / pronoun / verb / adverb /
adjective / conjunction / preposition / interjection )
 4. Sentence Parts - way of identifying words based on
function
Prepositions
 Step One:
 1. Cross off all prepositional phrases (slot test) Put
an X over the preposition and label the OP and circle
it!
Prepositional Phrases
 1. Prepositional Phrase= preposition
+ object of
preposition (OP).
 EX: to the mall ;
from the store ;
; Can you think of another?
except all those
Prepositions
 Preposition- A position word which shows
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relationships between objects and/or time frame
Slot Test for Most Prepositions = The bird flew
_____________ the clouds.
A. subject/verb pairs are never found in a
prepositional phrase
B.
of
and
with
are always prepositions
if used correctly.
C. If there are two prepositions in a row, cross out
the second .
List of Prepositions
Prepositions LIST:
above
beneath
down
at
before
during
across
between
along
beside
except
amid
behind
for
of
throughout
among
below
from
on
to
with
after
beyond
over
through
within
around
but
in
outside
towards
without
atop
by
inside
off
about
against
like
until
unto
near
since
up
upon
into
concerning
regarding
under
past
underneath
Object of the Preposition
 2.Object of a Preposition (OP)-- the who or what in a
prepositional phrase
 EX: I went by the store.
preposition
Store = object of
Verbs
 Step 2.
 Double underline verb (label LV—
linking; HV—helping; AV—action)
Types of Verbs
 5. Verb – indicate tense (past, present, future);
actions or state of being
 The 3 Types of Verbs:
action
helping
linking
Second Page Notes – Linking Verbs
 6. Linking verbs (LV) – do not show action! Link
subject with nouns/pronouns or adjectives.
 EX.
His mother is an accountant.
The winners of the game were they.
 Mary became sick after the high jump.
State of Being Verbs
 State of being verbs - to be = is, am, are, was,
were, be, being, been
 The REPLACEMENT TEST for linking verbs is to
replace a linking verb with a form of “to be.” If it still
makes sense without the meaning changed it is a LV.
 The FLIP-FLOP TEST for Linking Verbs is if you
flip-flop the sentence around the verb and it still
means the same, it is a LV.
Linking Verbs
Linking Verbs List:
 *to be = (is, am, are, was, were,
be, being, been)
Complete Top Chart
*to be
to become
to remain
to taste
to seem
to appear
to look
to sound
to stay
to smell
to grow
Helping Verbs
 7. Helping Verbs (HV) – begin a verb phrase
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 EX. I may go to the store today. She did not tell him
about the test. I shall wait until dark.
Helping Verbs List
do
does
is
am
may
must
shall
will
Did
are
might
can
has
was
should
have
had
were
be
being
been
would
could
Action Verbs
 8. Action Verbs (AV)- show/represent action
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 EX.
I jumped over a toad and landed on a frog. Our
teacher gave us a huge test today.
Subjects
3. Underline the subject once
(Ask who/what plus verb)
Subjects
 9. Subject (S)- who or what (and completes the verb
after prepositions are eliminated)
 and they must always indicate number (singular/
plural.)
 EX. He went to the movies without you. Maria is a
wonderful host.
Implied You
 10. Implied (You) Subject- an understood “you”
through a command
 EX. (You) Take me with you to the park. (You) Go to
the library and read a magazine.
 11. Subject/Verb Pairs- who or what + verb
(together)
 EX. You are my sunshine. Garrett let the dog out
earlier. (You) Take me out to the ball game.
Sentence Patterns
 12. Sentence Patterns- Six (6) basic patterns used for
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building blocks
The six Basic Sentence Patterns:
1. S - V
2. S - AV - DO
3. S - AV - IO - DO
4. S - LV - PN
5. S - LV - PA
6. V – S (inverted sentence)
 (DO= Direct Object, IO=Indirect Object,
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PN=Predicate Noun, PA= Predicate
Adjective)
What kinds of sentence parts follow action verbs?
What kind of sentence parts follow linking verbs?
Can a DO ever come before an IO?
Does every DO have to have an IO?
Does every IO have to have a DO?
Can a DO and a PN or PA appear in the same
sentence?
Direct Objects
 Steps to Labeling
 4. If AV (action), DO (direct object)/label IO
(indirect object)
 13. Direct Objects (DO – Always follow an AV and
receives the action of the verb (answers “what” of the
verb)
 EX. I throw the eraser. (Verb + who or what?
Throws what? eraser)
Indirect Objects
 14. Indirect Objects (IO) - always fall between AV
and DO and receives the DO.
 EX. I throw Ben the eraser. (Who receives the DO/
Ben ?______) The DO receives the IO.
 I throw the eraser to Ben. (Why is Ben no longer an
IO?) addition of the word “to”
Predicate Nouns and Predicate Adjectives
 Steps to Labeling
 5. If LV (linking), label PN/PA
(PN—equals/renames S; PA—
describes S)
Predicate Noun
 15. Predicate Noun (PN) - always follows LV;
noun/pronoun which renames the subject
 EX. I am a teacher in the classroom. (Is the verb
action/linking?) LV (Replacement/flip-flop)
 “I” replaces/renames “teacher” - “teacher” is the PN
Predicate Adjectives
 16. Predicate Adjective (PA)- always follows a LV and
describes subject
 EX. I am unhappy about the loss of my favorite team.
(Is the verb action /linking?) LV
 Unhappy doesn’t equal I, but does it describe I? Yes
Then unhappy is the what? PA
Noun Functions
 Steps to Labeling
 6. Circle all noun functions (S, DO,
IO, PN, OP)
Noun Functions
17. Noun FunctionsThe five functions are:
S DO IO PN
OP
Adjectives
Steps to Labeling
7. Label all adjectives (ADJ)
which modify all nouns
Adjectives
 18. Adjectives (ADJ)- modifies nouns and pronouns
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a an the and possessives
Hers) are always Adjectives.
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 EX. The green bananas were hanging from the
damaged apple tree.
(ex.
Adverbs
Steps to Labeling
8. Label all adverbs (ADV)
which modify V, ADJ, ADV
Adverbs
 19. Adverbs (ADV)- modifies everything that is not a
noun/pronoun (adj., adv., verb)
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The ending ly is a good clue but not a sure thing! Not
and very are always adverbs
 What is the only way to know for sure? Identify the word
being modified.
 EX. I was very distraught about the loss of my friendly brother
in the extremely violent storm.
 Adverbs answer the questions: how, when,
where, and
to what extent.
 Everything found after the adjectives (excluding
conjunctions) are what? adverbs
Conjunctions
Steps to Labeling
9. Find conjunctions
Conjunctions
 20. Conjunctions- connect elements;
combine and connect
 EX. The football and baseball players
are rowdy. What are they connecting?
nouns
Conjunctions
 The three types are:
coordinate
subordinate
correlative
Coordinate conjunctions 21. Coordinate conjunctions- connect items of the same
kind
 The Eight include: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so, ;
(punctuation mark)
 A good way to remember these eight is the mnemonic
device? FAN BOYS
 EX. He ran and tripped. Mike and Billy-Bob had a party.
He threw the hammer and the sickle.
 He went to the movie, and he fell asleep. What are these
conjunctions connecting? Verbs, subjects
Subordinate Conjunctions
 22. Subordinate Conjunctions- make independent
clauses into dependent clauses
 EX. I saw my friend.  Before I saw my friend, I was
very sad.
List of Subordinate Conjunctions
after
as long
as
if
unless
where
than
althoug as soon
h
as
in order
that
until
wherever though
as
because
since
when
while
as if
before
so that
wheneve
r
Correlative Conjunctions
 23. Correlative Conjunction- connect items of same
kind in pairs
 List of Correlative Conjunctions
both – and
not only – but either – or
also
neither –nor
whether - or
Interjections
 Steps to Labeling
 Add: Label Interjections – Int
 24. Interjections ( INJ ) – show
expression and are followed by (!)
 EX. WOW! Hurray! Ooops! Can
you think of two others? Ouch!
Snap!