Transcript 1. 名詞子句 - 視聽教學中心

Essential grammar
Week 3/Week 4 - 重要基礎文法 02
By Peiling Hsia
Contents:
Subject
 Subject-Verb agreement


Clause - Relative clauses
Subject
主詞
What is a subject?

Subject is what makes the action in the sentence. ??
My car was repaired last week.

Subject is the first word of the sentence. ??
Yesterday Mary married Mike.

Subject is really important part of sentence. ??
It is raining cats and dogs.

Subject is one of the basic elements of a
sentence.

The subject is who or what does… or who
or what is…in our sentence. (active voice)

Subject + verb = sentence.
Subject
名詞
Dogs are human’s best friends.
Food is what I need now.
代名詞
They are good students.
We went to the mall yesterday.
3.
The + 形容詞
The rich are not always happy.
4.
The + 現在分詞
(V+ing)
1.
2.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The living in the world should be not selfish.
The + 過去分詞 (P.P) The wounded should take a good rest at home.
不定詞
(To + 原形動詞)
動名詞
介係詞片語
9.
子句
To study hard is the only way to get high scores.
To have a baby is a big responsibility.
Dancing is my hobby.
Traveling alone is so much fun.
From this morning to tomorrow night is a long time.
What you say makes me disappointed.
When he will come is not important.
That the earth is square is not true.
What I need now is food.
Subject-Verb Agreement
主詞動詞一致性

動詞的單數和複數隨主詞的單數或複數而定。

基本原則：單數主詞需要單數動詞；複數主詞需
要複數動詞。
1. 不定代名詞 (indefinite pronouns) = noun
An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person,
thing or amount. It is vague and "not definite".
Singular:
another, other, each, one, nothing,
anybody (anyone), nobody (no one),
anything, everybody (everyone), everything,
somebody (someone), something,
either, neither, little, less, much, enough
Plural:
both, few, fewer, many, others, several
Singular or plural:
all, any, more, most, none, some
singular
another
an additional or different person That ice-cream was good. Can I have
or thing
another?
anybody
anyone
no matter what person
Can anyone answer this question?
anything
no matter what thing
The doctor needs to know if you have
eaten anything in the last two hours.
each
every one of two or more people
Each has his own thoughts.
or things, seen separately
either
one or the other of two people or Do you want tea or coffee? / I don't
things
mind. Either is good for me.
enough
as much or as many as needed
Enough is enough.
Everybody
all people
everyone
We can start the meeting because
everybody has arrived.
everything all things
They have no house or possessions.
They lost everything in the
earthquake.
less
a smaller amount
"Less is more”
little
a small amount
Little is known about his early life.
much
a large amount
Much has happened since we met.
neither
not one and not the other of two I keep telling Jack and Jill but neither
people or things
believes me.
nobody
no-one
no person
nothing
no single thing, not anything
one
an unidentified person
a different person or thing from
one already mentioned
somebody/ an unspecified or unknown
someone
person
other
I phoned many times but nobody
answered.
If you don't know the answer it's best
to say nothing.
Can one smoke here? | All the
students arrived but now one is
missing.
One was tall and the other was short.
Clearly somebody murdered him. It
was not suicide.
Listen! I just heard something! What
something an unspecified or unknown thing
could it be?
plural
both
two people or things, seen
together
He likes coffee but not tea.
I think both are good.
few
a small number of people or
things
Few have ever disobeyed him
and lived.
fewer
a reduced number of people or
things
Fewer are smoking these days.
many
a large number of people or
things
Many have come already.
others
other people; not us
I'm sure that others have tried
before us.
several more than two but not many
They all complained and several
left the meeting.
singular or plural
all
the whole quantity of something All is forgiven.
or of some things or people
All have arrived.
any
no matter how much or how
many
more
a greater quantity of something; There is more over there.
a greater number of people or
More are coming.
things
most
the majority; nearly all
Is any left?
Are any coming?
Most is lost.
Most have refused.
*none not any; no person or persons
None of the phones is working.
I invited five friends but none
have come.
an unspecified quantity of
some something; an unspecified
number of people or things
Here is some.
Some have arrived.
為可單複數或單數的不定代名詞 -- 視其所指的名詞為可數
或不可數而定。


are missing.
Some of the beads _____
is gone.
Some of the water ____
each 要用單數動詞
each 後常接複數字，經常困擾我們對動詞的選擇 


Everyone has finished his or her homework.
Everybody knows Mr. Jones.
is responsible for doing his or
Each of the students _____
her work in the library.
2. “none” 可為單數或複數
(除非句子中有別的人事物來決定它)

None of you claims responsibility for this incident?
None of you claim responsibility for this incident?

have done their homework.
None of the students _____

(their 這個字告訴你要使用複數動詞，不能使用單數動詞。)
Note that many indefinite pronouns also function as
other parts of speech:
•He has one job in the day and another at night. (pronoun)
•I'd like another drink, please. (adjective)
3. together with, as well as 和 along with 等片語
與 and 並不相同


is going to
The mayor as well as his brothers ___
prison.
are going to jail.
The mayor and his brothers ___
(as well as 或 along with 所引導的片語係修飾前面的字，並未使主詞複數化 )
(而 and 則有使主詞 1+1=2 的複數化作用)
4. neither 和 either 是單數
即使就某一方面來說它們似乎是指兩樣事物
Neither of the two traffic lights is working.
is fine with me.
 Either suit ____
is correct.
 Either ____

5. 連接詞 or 或nor並沒有結合的作用。




Either my father or my brothers are
___ going to
sell the house.
is going to
Neither my brothers nor my father ___
sell the house.
The boy or his friends run every day.
His friends or the boy runs every day.
(比較接近動詞的主詞決定了動詞的數。)
6. there 和 here 不是主詞
are two reasons for this.
There ____
is no reason for this.
 There ____
are two apples.
 Here ____

(主詞跟隨在動詞之後)
7. 有時修飾語是放在主詞和動詞之間，但這
些修飾語不應混淆主詞及其動詞之間的一
致性。

The mayor who has been convicted along
with his four brothers on four counts of
various crimes is finally going to jail.
8. glasses, pants, scissors, eyes, gloves,
boots, sleeves 等字被視為複數
除非它們的前面有 pair of
(此時 pair 這個字就變成了主詞)

are on the bed.
My glasses _____
are new.
My pants ____
are dull.
These scissors ____

is in the closet.
A pair of trousers ____


9. 分數或數字詞如 half of, a part of, a percentage of, a
majority of 或 all, any, more, most, some
有時是單數有時複數，視意思而定







are still angry.
Some of the voters ____
is voting
A large percentage of the older population ____
against her.
Two-fifths of the troops were
____ lost in the battle.
Two-fifths of the vineyard was
____ destroyed by fire.
The woman with all the dogs walks
_____ down my street.
is four.
Two and two ____
is eight.
Four times four divided by two ____
數學過程的總和與乘積係以單數來表示
10. 有些字以 s 做字尾 但卻是單數


The news from the front ____
is bad.
is a dangerous disease for pregnant
Measles (麻疹) ____
women.
The word dollars is a special case. When talking about an
amount of money, it requires a singular verb, but when
referring to the dollars themselves, a plural verb is required.


is a lot of money.
Five dollars _____
are often used instead of rubles in Russia.
Dollars ______
Clause
子句
Clause
1. 獨立子句 (independent clause)
= 主要主句 (main clause)
2. 從屬子句 (dependent clause)
= 附屬子句 (subordinate clause)
3. 關係子句 (relative clause)
4. 限定子句 (restrictive clause)
5. 非限定子句 (nonrestrictive clause)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cvk_jy4VxIE&feature=related
Independent vs. dependent clauses
獨立子句 (independent clause) (main clause)



A complete sentence or idea.
It can stand on its own.
Subject + Verb
Three ways to connect independent clauses：
(1)對等 (coordinating conjunction)
It is sunny today, but the temperature is still low.
(2)分號 (semicolon)
It is sunny today; the temperature is still low.
(3)附屬 (subordination) – semicolon + transitional expression
(conjunctive adverbs)
It is sunny today; however, the temperature is still low.
Independent vs. dependent clauses
從屬子句 (dependent clause) = 附屬子句 (subordinate clause)




Not a complete sentence or idea.
It can not stand on its own.
Subject + Verb
Dependant marker words (such as, because, while, after..)
Examples:
While eating a sandwich….
Because he failed the test….
Types of dependent clauses:
(1) 名詞子句 (noun clauses)
(2) 形容詞子句 (adjective clauses)
(3) 副詞子句 (adverb clauses)
從屬子句 (dependent clause)
(1) 名詞子句 (noun clauses)- 具備名詞的功能
主詞 / 受詞 / 介系詞受詞 / 主詞補語
(2) 形容詞/關係子句 (adjective/relative clauses)
–如形容詞
主格 / 受格 / 所有格
(3) 副詞子句 (adverb clauses) –提供有關主要子句
「到底怎麼回事」的資訊：where, when, why
1. 名詞子句
當主詞
當受詞
What they did with the treasure remains a mystery.
Whatever you want for dessert is fine with me.
That you should feel this way about her came as a great surprise to us.
Juan finally revealed what he had done with the money.
Her husband spent whatever she had saved over the years.
I don't know what I should do next.
In fact, he wrote a book about what he had done over the years.
當介系詞受詞 We are interested in what he does for a living.
當主詞補語
The trouble was that they had never been there before.
The biggest disappointment of last season was that the women's team
didn't make it to the final four.
2. 形容詞子句
My brother, who now teaches math in a small college, never liked math in
high school.
The dealership that sold more cars ended up actually losing money.
The Federated Bank, which was founded nearly two centuries ago, folded
during the state's economic crisis.
3 . 副詞子句
The team had fallen behind by ten points before they were able to figure
out the opponent's defense.
Since he started working nights, he doesn't see much of his kids.
While Josie sat inside watching television, Gladys shoveled the driveway.
Clause
1. 獨立子句 (independent clause)
= 主要主句 (main clause)
2. 從屬子句 (dependent clause)
= 附屬子句 (subordinate clause)
3. 關係子句 (relative clause) = 形容詞子句 (adjective clause)
4. 限定子句 (restrictive clause)
5. 非限定子句 (nonrestrictive clause)
限定子句 (restrictive clause) = essential
Examples:
 The person (who[m]) she met at Ken's party called her last night.
 The person who called yesterday will call again this afternoon.

The soup that (which) Sally made is too salty.
非限定子句 (nonrestrictive clause) = nonessential
Examples:
 Jim Peterson, who(m) Judy met at Ken's party, called her last night.
 Your mother, who called yesterday, called again this afternoon.
 Sally's vegetable beef soup, which is in the big white bowl, is too
salty.
Special notes of restrictive & nonrestrictive clauses
1. Because non-restrictive adjective clauses give extra
information, we "set them apart" from the main sentence
by using commas.
,
2. Most relative pronouns (who, whom, which, whose) can be
used in both restrictive and non-restrictive clauses, but
“that” cannot.
“that” - used only in restrictive clauses
Punctuating Adjective Clauses
These three guidelines:
1.
Adjective clauses beginning with that are never set off from the
main clause with commas.
Food that has turned green in the refrigerator should be thrown away.
2.
Adjective clauses beginning with who or which should not be set
off with commas if omitting the clause would change the basic
meaning of the sentence.
Students who turn green should be sent to the infirmary (醫務室).
3.
Adjective clauses beginning with who or which should be set off
with commas if omitting the clause would not change the basic
meaning of the sentence
Last week's pudding, which has turned green in the refrigerator,
should be thrown away.
Practice: Punctuating Adjective Clauses
(Add commas to set off adjective clauses that provide additional, but not
essential, information. Don't add commas if the adjective clause affects the
basic meaning of the sentence.)
,
1. Caramel de Lites which are cookies sold by the Girl Scouts contain 70 calories
each.
2. I refuse to live in any house that Jack built.
3. I left my son at the campus day-care center which is available to all full-time
students with young children.
4. Students who have young children are invited to use the free day-care center.
,
5. A physician who smokes and overeats has no right to criticize the personal habits of
her patients.
6. Professor Lee lost his only umbrella which he has owned for 20 years.
7. Healthy people who refuse to work should not be given government assistance.
8. Felix who was once a hunter in the Yukon stunned the roach with one blow from a
newspaper.
,
,
Practice:
X This afternoon you had a call from your mother, that also
___1.
called yesterday.
___2. This afternoon you had a call from your mother, who also
called yesterday.
o
X Hamburgers, that are actually made from beef, are
___3.
popular in the U.S.A.
___4. Hamburgers, which are actually made from beef, are
popular in the U.S.A.
o
Clause
1. 獨立子句 (independent clause)
= 主要主句 (main clause)
2. 從屬子句 (dependent clause)
= 附屬子句 (subordinate clause)
3. 關係子句 (relative clause) = 形容詞子句 (adjective clause)
4. 限定子句 (restrictive clause)
5. 非限定子句 (nonrestrictive clause)
Relative Clause
Adjective Clause
關係代名詞子句
形容詞子句
= 由一個關係代名詞 (relative pronoun：that, which, who, whom, whose 等)
所引導的附屬子句
Adjective/Relative Clause
形容詞子句 / 關係代名詞子句

Adjective clauses (relative clauses) :
- "sentences inside sentences."
- to modify (describe, identify, make specific) the noun
phrases that they follow.

Adjective clauses have three parts:
relative pronoun + subject + verb.

Are Adjective clauses independent or dependent clauses?
In adjective/relative clauses, the relative pronoun is a kind
of connecting word. Without the adjective clause, the
meaning of the modified noun phrase (and of the sentence)
is unclear and incomplete.
Examples:
 I know a person who / that can help you.
I know a person who(m) / that you can help.



I know a person whose advice I can trust.
I know a person to whom I can refer you.
I know a person who(m) / that I can refer you to.
I want a car that / which gets good gas mileage.
I can't afford the car that / which I really want.
Types of Adjective/Relative Clauses
1. "Subject Pattern" - the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause.
The man who / that talked to us was very friendly.
Do you know the man who / that talked to us?
2. "Object Pattern" - the relative pronoun is the object of the clause.
The people who(m) / that we met seemed very friendly.
The people to whom / that we were speaking seemed very friendly.
The people who(m) / that we were speaking to seemed very friendly.
I recently saw the people to whom / that we were talking.
I recently saw the people who(m) / that we were talking to.
3. Clauses Showing “Possession” - the relative pronoun is possessive
The people whose names are called will work the first shift.
Do you know the student whose brother won a gold medal in the Olympics?
(1) Subject Pattern Clauses
- the relative pronoun are the grammatical subjects of the
clauses.
Examples:
 A man spoke to us. The man was wearing a green suit. A man who was wearing a green suit spoke to us.

The new car is parked outside. The new car belongs to Bob.
The new car that is parked outside belongs to Bob.
More on Subject Pattern Clauses
Reductions: Clauses with BE
When a subject-pattern adjective clause contains
BE, the relative pronoun and BE can often be
omitted:

The woman who is talking to Janet is her sister.
The woman talking to Janet is her sister.

That man who is from Sweden speaks six languages.
That man from Sweden speaks six languages.

The skates that are beside the door belong to my brother.
The skates beside the door belong to my brother.
More on Subject Pattern Clauses
Rephrasing: Clauses with HAVE
When an adjective clause contains HAVE
(meaning "own," "possess,“ or "is characterized
by"), another kind of change is possible:
.

Do you know anyone who has change for a dollar?
Do you know anyone with change for a dollar?

There's only one person who has blond hair in my class.
There's only one person with blond hair in my class.
(2) Object Pattern Clauses
The relative pronoun replaces the object of the
clause.
Examples:

The person called me. We met the person at Jack's party.
The person who(m) (that) we met at Jack's party called me.

I enjoyed talking to the person. We met the person at Jack's party.
I enjoyed talking to the person who(m) (that) we met at Jack's party.

The trip was quite interesting. I took the trip last week.
The trip that (which) I took last week was quite interesting.

I enjoyed the trip. I took the trip last week.
I enjoyed the trip that (which) I took last week.
(3) Possessive Adjective/relative Clauses
In clauses of this type, whose shows possession. It is
always combined with a noun or noun phrase.
Examples:

The author is Jonathan Stones. She likes the author's books best.
The author whose books she likes best is Jonathan Stones.

The people will be glad to help you. The people's names are on
this list.
The people whose names are on this list will be glad to help you.
More on Possessive Adjective/relative Clauses
“Whose” clauses for “Things”
Example:
 She just bought a computer.
The computer's processor speed is 450 mhz.
She just bought a computer ? ? ? processor speed
is 450 mhz.
Because English does not have a possessive relative
pronoun that refers to things, whose must be used:


She just bought a computer whose processor speed is
450 mhz.
Bill has a car whose color is blue.
Sentences with adjective/relative clauses like the above
are awkward because “whose” seems more appropriate
for people than for things.
We can avoid this problem by rephrasing the clause:

She just bought a computer whose processor speed
is 450 mhz.
She just bought a computer which/that has a
processor speed of 450 mhz.

Bill has a car whose color is blue.
Bill has a blue car.
Special notes of
adjective/relative clauses
Special notes of adjective/relative clauses
1. Adjective clauses come after the nouns that they modify:
X The new car belongs to Bob that is parked outside.
___
___
o The new car that is parked outside belongs to Bob.
___
X The trip was quite interesting that I took last week.
o The trip that I took last week was quite interesting.
___
2. The relative pronouns who and that are used to refer to
people, but who is more common.
3. The relative pronouns that and which are used to refer
to things, but that is more common.
When do I have to repay the money that / which I borrowed?
4. The relative pronoun “that” cannot be used in
nonrestrictive clauses
X
___ The new car, that is parked outside, belongs to Bob.
5. The relative pronouns whom and that are used to refer to
people, but whom is more common.
Also, whom is used mostly in writing and very formal
speech, but who is used for both subjects and objects in
everyday conversation and casual speech.
The only difference between who in subject- and in object-pattern
clauses is in word order:
(subject pattern) That's the person who was talking to us.
(object pattern) That's the person who we were talking to.
That’s the person to whom we were talking to.
6. Adjective/relative Clauses as Objects of Prepositions
Examples:
1. The woman is right over there. You were talking about the woman.
o formal: The woman about whom you were talking is right over there.
__
o "everyday": The woman who / that you were talking about is right
__
over there.
o informal: The woman you were talking about is right over there.
__
__
X The woman about who you were talking is right over there.
__
X The woman about that you were talking is right over there.
2. The book is rather expensive. He referred to the book.
o formal: The book to which he referred is rather expensive.
__
o "everyday": The book that / which he referred to is rather expensive.
__
__
o informal: The book he referred to is rather expensive.
__
X The book to that he referred is rather expensive.
Omitting Relative Pronouns
關代可否省略的時機：
 可省略：
(1)關係子句中已有主詞，關代不當主詞時
(2)關代雖當主詞用，和beV.一起省略
I know the girl who you’re talking about.
I know the girl who is next to you.
That's the person who(m) / that we were talking to.
(3)關代 + beV
The student who is making a speech is Jack.
My mother finally found the vase that was broken by me.
(4)關代 + V = 分詞
attending
The student who attend that school receive a good education.
People who make a lot of money are not necessarily happy.
making

不可省略：
(1)關代當主詞用，後接一般動詞
(2)關代當受詞用，前面有介系詞
I know the girl who sings the song well.
I know the girl to whom you’re talking about.
Practice:
o
1. ____ Bob's sister who is a nurse is named Angie.
(If Bob has more than one sister, this sentence is correct.)
X
2. ____Dr. Roberts, that teaches my physics class, was born in
Germany.
o
3. ____ Mike Miller, a basketball player, has few fans in Taiwan.
(Mike Miller, who is a basketball player, has few fans in Taiwan.)
o
4. ____ He broke that precious vase, which made his father very
angry. which 代替前面一整句。這種子句只能用which 作關係詞，
且一定要有逗號
X
5. ____ I saw a boy and a dog who were playing in the park.
that
Web links:
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/pronouns-indefinite.htm
(indefinite pronouns)
 http://grammar.about.com/od/basicsentencegrammar/a/adjclause.ht
m (clauses)
 http://owl.english.purdue.edu/ (普渡大學寫作中心)
 http://www.chineseowl.idv.tw/html/c_new.htm
(The Chinese online writing lab – 柯泰德 Ted Knoy)
 http://blog.udn.com/trjason
(廖柏森 英語與翻譯教學 )
