Transcript Time Clauses

11
Modul ke:
Fakultas
FAKULTAS EKONOMI
dan BISNIS
Program Studi
Program Studi
MANAJEMEN
The Module 1 is intended to give you further
understanding of how and what is needed to
comprehend much better concerning the
aspects of time and its changes.
TSM JAN 2008
DRS. YUDI ANJANGSANA,
MM.
2
VOCABULARY
Economic terms, page 99.
LISTENING
Starting new business, page 100.
READING
Developing a new industry, 100.
LANGUAGE REVIEW
Time clauses, page 102.
SKILLS
Dealing with numbers, page 103.
CASE STUDY
Marcia Lee Jeans page 104.
TSM JAN 2008
DRS. YUDI ANJANGSANA,
MM.
3
Quotes
 “There is always plenty of business, if
you are smart enough to get it”
 EW Home (1853 – 1937) American
writer.
TSM JAN 2008
DRS. YUDI ANJANGSANA,
MM.
4
Starting up
TSM JAN 2008
DRS. YUDI ANJANGSANA,
MM.
5
TSM JAN 2008
DRS. YUDI ANJANGSANA,
MM.
6
• What conditions are important
for people starting new
business?
• Choose the three most
important from this list.
• Can you think of any others?
TSM JAN 2008
DRS. YUDI ANJANGSANA,
MM.
7
1. Low taxis
2. Skilled staff
3. Low interest
rates
4. Cheap rents
5. Stable economy
TSM JAN 2008
6. Good transport
links
7. Training courses
8. High
unemployment
9. A strong currency
10.Government
grants
DRS. YUDI ANJANGSANA,
MM.
8
Essential grammar
Week 6 – Clauses
Participial phrases
By Peiling Hsia
Contents:
• A quick review of relative clauses
• Adverb Clause - Time Clause
• Participial phrases
• Reducing dependent clauses
A quick review of relative clause
由關係代名詞所引導的子句 基本核心就是在處理
如何避免名詞重覆
There are now three options for direct flights
between Vancouver and Hong Kong, and the
three options mean finding bargain airfares is
much easier.
There are now three options for direct flights between Vancouver and Hong Kong,
which means finding bargain airfares is much easier.
排列的次序問題
There are now three options for direct flights between Vancouver and Hong Kong,
which means finding bargain airfares is much easier.
如果說含有關係子句的主要子句是個簡單不複雜的句子，如
“He tore up my photo, which upset me.” 是很容易安排次序。
如果主詞出現了4個直接、間接的形容詞來修飾，就會產生排序問題。
• 4 message units：
(1) there are now three options
(2) for direct flights
(3) between Vancouver and Hong Kong
(4) which means finding bargain airfares is much easier
Message unit 位置分配原則是：
1. 主要資訊 - 一定是句子核心 (core)
2. 補語 受詞或主要相關資訊 優先於修飾語
3. 修飾語間，有其約定俗成的優先次序 :
- 地點, 時間
- 數量, 大小, 顏色其它修飾等
4. 會讓人產生ambiguity部份優先
• 4 message units：
(1) there are now three options
(2) for direct flights
(3) between Vancouver and Hong Kong
(4) which means finding bargain airfares is much easier
1423 : There are now three options, which means finding bargain airfares
is much easier, for direct flights between Vancouver and Hong Kong.
1243: There are now three options for direct flights, which means finding
bargain airfares is much easier between Vancouver and Hong Kong.
1324 : There are now three options between Vancouver and Hong Kong
for direct flights, which means finding bargain airfares is much easier.
1234: There are now three options for direct flights between Vancouver
and Hong Kong, which means finding bargain airfares is much easier.
Adverb clauses Time Clauses
• Adverb clause is dependent/subordinate clause that
acts as “adverb”.
http://esl.about.com/library/grammar/blgr_adverbclauses_time.htm
Adverb –
Let’s
clean the garage
on Sunday.
it modifies
adjective,
verb, and
adverb.
It tells us:
I ate my lunch at a nice restaurant.
When
we waited patiently.
Where
How
Clause:
Adjective clause
Adverb clause
– provides information for a noun.
– tells us when, where, how, why.
7 common conjunctive adverbs used in adverb clause:
when, while, where, as, since, if, although
Adverb clause – it is a group of words with a
subject and a verb, and it is acting as an “adverb”.
It modifies verb, adjective, adverb, entire clause.
Example:
• I walked today.
Today is an adverb modifying
the verb walked. It is telling us
when I walked.
• I walked before the sun went down.
A whole clause is modifying the
verb walked. It is still telling us
when I walked.
Adverb clause = dependent clause
• Until I fall asleep
• Whenever my teacher yells
• After I walk the dog
I listen music until I fall asleep.
Whenever my teacher yells, I know she’s having a bad day.
I will take out the trash after I walk the dog.
When an adverb clause begins the sentence use a
comma to separate the two clauses.
As soon as he arrives, we will have some lunch.
When the adverb clause finishes the sentence there
is no need for a comma.
He gave me a call when he arrived in town.
Time Clauses
= Using adverb clauses with time expressions
Time clauses and phrases help show the continuity
of development in a process.
The most common time words used to introduce
time clauses are:
before, after, when, while, as, and until.
Examples:
1. Autumn is the season. The leaves of many trees change color
during the season.
.
Autumn is the season when the leaves of many trees change color
2. Thanksgiving is a holiday. Families like to gather together on the
holiday.
Thanksgiving is a holiday when families like to gather together.
Types of time clause:
1.
Simultaneous action
2.
Sequential action
3.
Participial phrases
Time clauses
1. Simultaneous action
While
As
_______ the butter is melting,
break three eggs into a bowl.
Time clauses
2. Sequential action
When
• ________the
eggs have thickened,
After
(1st action)
serve
(2nd action)
them with toast.
before
• The eggs must have (1st
thicken
______
you serve
action)
them.
(2nd action)
until they have
• Do not serve the eggs ______
(2nd action)
(1st action)
thickened.
•
Time clauses
3.
participial
phrases
Simultaneous actions
clause: While you are melting the butter, break three
eggs into a bowl.
phrase: _____________________, break …
While melting the butter
• Sequential actions
clause: After/ When you have beaten the eggs, pour
them into the pan.
phrase: _________________________, pour …
After having beaten the eggs
When - at a time 時間點 瞬間動作 / 時段
the (conj)
time 連續性
1. At what time – at the time atduring
which (adv)
When's the baby due?
We'll go when you're ready.
She was only twenty when she had her first baby.
He was quite shocked when I told him.
I was just getting into the bath when the telephone rang.
When I got home, he was having supper.
2. Considering that - considering the fact that: (conj)
How can you say you don't like something when you've never even tried it!
You can't complain of being lonely when you don't make any effort to meet
people.
3. Although – despite the fact that (conj)
He says he hasn't got any money when in fact he's got thousands of dollars in
his account.
I don't understand how he can say that everything's fine when it's so obvious
that it's not.
While – during the time 時段 / 同時/ 連續性
1. a while a length of time (n)
I only stayed for a short while.
"When did that happen?" "Oh, it was a while ago (= a long time ago).
I haven't seen him for a while (= for a long time).
2. during the time that, or at the same time as (conj)
I read it while you were drying your hair.
While I was in Italy I went to see Alessandro.
I thought I heard him come in while we were having dinner.
"I'm going to the post office." "While you're there can you get me some stamps?“
3. despite the fact that; although (conj)
While I accept that he's not perfect in many respects, I do actually like the man.
While I understand your point of view, I do also have some sympathy with Mike.
4. compared with the fact that; but (conj)
Tom is very extrovert and confident while Katy's shy and quiet.
I do every single bit of housework while he just does the dishes.
As - 同時性
/ 正在發展或變化 / 連續性
1. Comparison - used in comparisons to refer to the degree of sth (adv)
She'll soon be as tall as her mother.
I can't run as fast as you.
2. Purpose – used to describe the purpose or quality of sb/sth (prep)
She works as a waitress.
It could be used as evidence against him.
The news came as quite a shock to us.
3. Because (conj)
As it was getting late, I decided to book into a hotel.
You can go first as you're the oldest.
4. While (conj) - during the time that
I saw him as I was coming into the building.
He gets more attractive as he gets older.
As he grew older he became more confident.
5. Like (conj) - in the same way
He got divorced, (just) as his parents had done years before.
This year, as in previous years, tickets sold very quickly.
As with his earlier movies, the special effects in his latest film are brilliant.
an on-going event
Myra was reading a book when the phone
interrupted by a single event rang.
in the past
past tense cause and effect
two past tense events
two future events
two past tense continuous
activities
one past tense continuous
event interrupted by single
action
Myra had to get up when the phone rang.
Ben asked for a ride when Myra answered
the phone.
Myra will leave to pick up Ben when she
hangs up.
I was listening carefully while the manager
was explaining the problem.
The doorbell rang while I was taking a
shower.
Special notes:
1. 在…時刻 (單一時間點) – when 用終止性或連續性動詞
When I got home, he was having supper.
When I was young, I liked dancing.
2. 有動作先後關係時 when 不能與 while 互換
When he has finished his work, he takes a short rest. (after)
When I got to the cinema, the film had already begun. (before)
3. when 句子裡動詞為終止性時 不能與 while 互換
When he came yesterday, we were playing basketball.
4.句子裡表動作的是連續性動詞 when / while 可互換
While / when we were still laughing, the teacher came in.
5. While 常用來表示兩各同時進行的長動作
6. As 多用來談兩各平行動作或兩種狀態變化 時間性比較緊湊
ttp://www.grammar-quizzes.com/adv_whenwhile.htmlh
practice
1. _____________the
doorbell rang, Brian was taking a shower.
When
2. __________
While he was watching the news on TV, Jonathan was eating his dinner.
3. Tom was backing into a parking space ____________ he heard a crunch.
when
4. ______ I was young, I liked dancing.
When
5. ______ I was sleeping, a thief broke in.
While
6. ______ I came into the room, I found him lying there asleep.
When
7. ______ I was walking down the street, an American asked me for
As
directions
to the nearest station.
8. ______________we were still laughing, the teacher came in.
When / while
•
Common sentence connectors of time
• Melt the butter in the pan;
the eggs. (Simultaneous action)
• Beat the eggs well;
into the pan.
during this period
at the same time
meanwhile
___________,
beat
afterwards
after that
then
following that
at that point
___________,
(Sequential actions)
pour them
關係副詞 where
where表地方 = in which
Examples:
This is the house where John lives.
= This is the house in which John lives.
= This is the house which John lives in.
= This is the house John lives in.
關係副詞where：因其詞性為副詞，不能當作關係子句中的
主詞或受詞 (=in/on/at/to + which)，所以where帶領的關係
子句中一定另有主詞
Examples
(O) John bought the house, which is beautiful.
(X) John bought the house, where is beautiful.
This is the room. I study in the room.
= This is the room which I study in.
= This is the room in which I study.
= This is the room where I study. (in which = where)
Special notes
1. Do not use prepositions before either where or when:
X
___They
live in a building in where there are many apartments.
___
X I'll always remember the day on when we met.
___
X Autumn is the season during when the leaves of many trees change
color.
2. In very formal writing, you may use prepositions before which--but not
before that:
X
___They
live in a building in that there are many apartments.
o They live in a building in which there are many apartments.
___
___
X I'll always remember the day on that we met.
___ I'll always remember the day on which we met.
o
___
X Autumn is the season during that the leaves of many trees change color.
___
o Autumn is the season during which the leaves of many trees change
color.
Practice:
o
1. ____ University of Columbia is the place which our study was
conducted in.
(the place where our study was conducted.)
X
2. ____ Tomorrow is the day on when he has his job interview. .
o
when
3. ____ 1990 is the year in which they were married.
(1990 is the year when they were married.)
o
4. ____ This is the apartment which we have lived in for 7 years. .
X
This is the apartment where we have lived for 7 years.
This is the apartment in which I have lived for 7 years.
5. ____ The bus had left while we arrived at the bus stop.
When
while 引導的時間必須是延續性的動詞或動作正在進行
when 引導的時間既可以是延續性，也可以是非延續性動詞。
複合關係代名詞
whoever, whomever, whichever,
whosever, whatever
都有“any”的意思
• I don’t need this book any more. Please give it to whoever needs it.
= please give it to any who needs it.
• You can try to say hello to whomever you meet.
Say hello to any whom you meet.
• Here are two cell phones. You can take whichever you like.
Take any that you like.
• All of these are free. Just take whatever you want.
Take any that you want.
Participial Phrases
分詞片語
Participle - a word formed from a verb and
used as an adjective to modify nouns.
A participle often appears with additional
words that adds details to it.
Present participle: V - ing
Past participle: V –ed
Verbs
Present participles
The custom fascinates me.
The man jogged in the park.
The fascinating custom
interests me.
The jogging man ran through
the park.
Verbs
Past participles
The steak was burned.
The car was just cleaned.
The burned steak tasted
terrible.
The cleaned car looks new.
Together, the participle and the additional
words form a “participial phrase”, such as
noisily burping, circled by the hungry sharks,
waving at the TV camera…
• participles + other modifiers;
• used to modify nouns and pronouns.
Examples:
• In his movie, Arnold Schwarzenegger uses his
muscles more readily than his brain.
• In his movie, Arnold Schwarzenegger uses his
muscles more readily than his brain, chopping off
barbarians’ heads with his gigantic sword in another.
Using participial phrases to suggest relationships
Participial phrases not only wake up your sentences but also
suggest time or cause-result relationship.
Participial phrases suggest such relationship less directly than
clauses beginning with terms like “because”, “thus”, “therefore”,
and “as a result.”
Example:
Because many actors glared directly at the camera and did not blink
for long periods of time, they started to have eye problems several
years later.
Glaring directly at the camera and did not blink for long
periods of time, many actors started to have eye problems
several years later.
More examples:
• Some Vietnam vets were disillusioned by the American public’s
negative perception of the war. Therefore, they suffered severe
mental problems when they returned to civilian life.
Disillusioned by the American public’s negative perception of
the war, some Vietnam vets suffered severe mental problems
when they returned to civilian life.
• We pulled off the interstate. Then we descended the exit ramp
to the stadium, a crowd of people came out and waved to us.
We pulled off the interstate, descending the exit ramp to the
stadium, a crowd of people came out and waved to us.
Participial phrases formed from relative clauses
(by reducing subject pattern)
Verbs
Present participles
The pedestrian, who was
The pedestrian, bleeding
bleeding from several
from several wounds, waited
wounds, waited for someone for someone to help home.
to help home.
The ambulance that was
summoned by a bystander
came quickly.
The ambulance summoned
by a bystander came quickly.
Perfect Form Participles:
Active (having discovered) & Passive (having been discovered)
emphasize the “completed” action.
Verb tense With relative clause
with participial phrase
Present perfect The secrets of the
universe, which have
(active)
fascinated people for
centuries, are slowly
being revealed.
The secrets of the universe,
having fascinated people for
centuries, are slowly being
revealed.
Past perfect
(passive)
The film, having been shown
too often in movie theaters,
did not attract a large
television audience.
The film, which had been
shown too often in movie
theaters, did not attract a
large television audience.
Participial Phrases from Adverbial Clauses:
Retain:
Before a student chooses a college, he or she
should consider several factors.
Before
Since
(time)
Before choosing a college, a student should consider
several factors.
A student should consider several factors before choosing
a college.
Carlos hasn’t been back home since he came to
the United States three years ago.
Since coming to the United States three years ago, Carlos
hasn’t been back home.
Carlos hasn’t been back home since coming to the United
States three years ago.
Delete:
Because
Since
As
(reason)
As
(time)
Because (Since / As) Carlos came from a very
conservative family, he was shocked at the
American system of coed dormitories.
Coming from a very conservative family, Carlos was
shocked at the American system of coed dormitories.
As he gradually got used to American customs,
he became less homesick.
Gradually getting used to American customs, he became
less homesick.
Retain or
Delete:
After
After he had passed the TOEFL exam, he became a
freshman at the college.
After passing the TOEFL exam, he became a freshman at
the college.
Having passed the TOEFL exam, he became a freshman at
the college.
While he was preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with
an American family.
While
When
While preparing for the TOEFL exam, he lived with an
American family.
Preparing for the TOEFL exam, he lived with an American
family.
When he was asked about his life in the United
States, he said that he was enjoying himself.
When asked about his life in the United States, he said that
he was enjoying himself.
Asked about his life in the United States, he said that he
was enjoying himself.
Position and Punctuation of Participial
Phrases
• A restrictive participial phrases follows the noun it modifies.
There are twelve students receiving rewards this year.
• A nonrestrictive phrase may precede or follow the noun it
modifies.
Teresa, hurrying to catch a bus, stumbled and fell.
Hurrying to catch a bus, Teresa stumbled and fell.
Sometimes, we can move participial phrases from one
position to another in a sentence – before the main
clause, after it, in the middle of it.
1. Keeping one eye on his professor, Ross quickly scanned the
comic hidden behind his bulky biology textbook.
2. Ross, keeping on eye on his professor, quickly scanned the
comic hidden behind his bulky biology textbook.
3. Ross quickly scanned the comic hidden behind his bulky
biology textbook, keeping one eye on his professor.
If the participial phrase describes something that
happened before the main action of the sentence, the
participial phrase will precede that main action.
• Introduced twenty years ago as labor-saving devices,
computerized cash registers are now installed in about 85
percent of all china stores.
If the participial phrase describes something that happened after the main action of
the sentence, the participial phrase will follow that main action.

John opened the brightly wrapped package, discovering a
small wooden box.
Using present participial phrases – two actions are
occurring simultaneously, whether the phrases come
before or after the main clause.
• Carrying the cumbersome bass drum in front of me, I
jostled my way through the stubborn crowd to the
bandstand.
• I jostled my way through the stubborn crowd to the
bandstand, carrying the cumbersome bass drum in front
of me.
Practice – making participles
• Peter Mark Johnson, who conducts ocean tours off the coast
of Baja California, claims that animals in the wild like people.
He noted that grey whales observe his tour boat from afar,
then approach. They touch the craft with their snouts and
refuse to leave until the startled tourists pet them. The tour
guide thinks all this means that nature is not necessarily
hostile.

He noted that grey whales observe his tour boat from afar,
then approach, touching the craft with their snouts and
refusing to leave until the startled tourists pet them.
Practice:
1. They slept in barns and churches.
They were assisted by brave and dedicated abolitionists.
(不管是現在式或過去式,動作若是主動 -Ving. 動作若是被動,- V p.p)
They, assisted by brave and dedicated abolitionists, slept in barns and
churches.
2. He decided to help fugitives.
He made his house into a station on the Underground Railroad.
He, making his house into a station on the Underground Railroad, decided
to help fugitives.
3. Cold travelers still stay in the basement.
Cold travelers are warmed by the working fireplace.
Cold travelers, warmed by the working fireplace, still stay in the basement.
4. They have kept the basement in good condition.
They have kept it as a tribute to the Underground Railroad.
They have kept the basement, as a tribute to the Underground Railroad,
in good condition.
Reducing Dependent Clauses
• We can save words by reducing a dependent clause
to a phrase or a word.
Reducing Dependent Clauses to…
1. Prepositional phrases
2. Infinitive phrases
3. To participles or participial phrases
4. To adverbs.
5. To adjectives
1. Reducing dependent clauses to
prepositional phrases
The man who is wearing the white coat is the lab chief.
The man in the white coat is the lab chief. (2 words saved)
When the executives had finished the meeting, they went to a
party.
After the meeting, the executives went to a party.
(4 words saved)
2. Reducing dependent clauses to
infinitive phrases
I skipped lunch so that I could cut down on my weight.
I skipped lunch to cut down on my weight. (2 words saved)
He took Technical Writing so that he would be prepared for
future work assignments.
He took Technical Writing to prepare for future work
assignments. (4 words saved)
3. Reducing dependent clauses to
participles or participial phrases
While he read all of the morning mails, he planned the next
meeting.
Reading the mails, he planned the next meeting. (5 words saved)
Because Mary works as a high-paid programmer, she
has saved up a lot of money.
Working as a high-paid programmer, Mary has saved up a
lot money. (4 words saved)
4. Reducing dependent clauses to adverbs.
The boss argued in a manner that was very angry with the
workers.
The boss argued angrily with the workers. (6 words saved)
All morning she awaited his return at the airport, in the course
of which she became nervous.
All morning she nervously awaited his return at the airport. (7 words
saved)
5. Reducing dependent clauses to
adjectives
People like to wear a tie that has a lot of stripes on it.
People like to wear a striped tie. (7 words saved)
Chandler, who works at a full-time job at IBM, held a New
Year party for us.
Chandler, a full-time IBM worker, held a New Year party for us. (4
words saved)
The four-step reduction technique
1. Find the dependent clause
2. Which is the most important word(s) in this clause?
3. Covert the key word(S) into a prepositional phrase, a
participle (participial phrase), an infinitive phrase, an
adjective, or an adverb.
4. Shortened sentence
examples
• He designed a house that a family could live in. (adj clause)
He designed a livable house. (5 words saved)

Until the general election, he was the candidate who led all of
the rest of the people running. (adj clause)
Until the general election, he was the leading candidate.
(8 words saved)
Practice
1. One of the reasons for our poor profits this year is that inflationary
influences are operating against us.
One of the reasons for our poor profits this year is inflation.
2. She spoke to him in a manner that revealed her impatience.
She spoke to him impatiently.
3. A decision that operates impartially for all is sometimes difficult to
make.
An impartial decision is sometimes difficult to make.
4. The orders from the boss, which amazed all of us, upset the program in
a way that was complete to say the least.
The amazing orders from the boss completely upset the
program.
Web links:
• http://owl.english.purdue.edu/ (普渡大學寫作中心)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3J_IByMenM&feature=related
(adverb clause)
• http://www.chineseowl.idv.tw/html/c_new.htm
(The Chinese online writing lab – 柯泰德 Ted Knoy)
• http://blog.udn.com/trjason
(廖柏森 英語與翻譯教學 )
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