Transcript Latin iii/iv review

NOUNS--MICHAEL KILLS HIS FUSSY NEIGHBOR
CASE
USES &
T R A N S L AT I O N S
•
Nominative
•
Subject
•
Genitive
•
Possession (of, ‘s, s’)
•
Dative
•
I.O. (to/for)
•
Accusative
•
D.O and some prep
•
Ablative
•
Prep phrases
•
Vocative
•
Direct address
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VERBS (NOT INCLUDING SUBJUNCTIVE)
• 6 Tenses, 4 conjugations
• 1st conjugation – āre
• 2nd conjugation– ēre
• 3rd conjugation – ere
• 4th conjugation – īre
• Endings
• o/m, s, t, mus, tis, nt (except for perfect tense)
• Present Tense
• Going on now
• is, am, are, do, does
• No special letters
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VERBS (CON’T)
• Imperfect
• Ongoing past (habitual, repeated, incomplete)
• -ba (-era for sum and possum)
• Was/were, used to, kept, began, -ed (for repeated actions)
• Perfect
• x-tra long SUV followed by its own set of endings
• Completed past
• Has/have, did, -ed
• -ī, -istī, -it, -imus. –istis, -ērunt
• Pluperfect
• X-tra long SUV followed by –era
• Completed before another past tense action
• had
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LET’S PRACTICE—CHOOSE THE TRANSLATION
 iusseras
you had ordered, you have ordered, you order, you were ordering
 iecimus
we have thrown, we had thrown, we were throwing, we do throw
 sperabat
he hopes, he used to hope, he did hope, he had hoped
 laboravitne?
did she work? Was she working? Is she working?
 spectamus
we had watched, we watch, we have watched, we kept watching
 eram
I am, I was, I have been, I had been
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MORE PRACTICE—IDENTIFY THE TENSE
1. mittit
11. fugit
2. traho
12. eras
3. fūgit
13. potueram
4. laudavimus
14. Dūxit
5. traxerant
15. Dūcit
6. laudabas
16. Facit
7. mittebam
17. Fēcit
8. fuit
18. Venit
9. spectamus
19. Vēnit
10. miseratis
20. poteram
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RELATIVE CLAUSES
•
Remember that relative clauses are subordinate or dependent clauses. They
cannot stand alone.
•
They provide extra information about the “antecendent”
•
The relative pronoun can be any case.
**Nominative—qui, quae, quod/qui, quae, quae
(who, which, that)
Genitive—cuius, cuius, cuius/quorum, quarum, quorum
(whose, of whom)
**Dative—cui, cui, cui/quibus, quibus, quibus
(to/for whom, which)
**Accusative—quem, quam, quod/quos, quas, quos
(whom, which, that)
Ablative—quo, qua, quo/quibus, quibus, quibus
(from, with, by whom,
which)
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RELATIVE CLAUSE EXAMPLES
senex cuius villa ardebat magna voce clamabat.
• The old man whose house was burning, was shouting in a loud voice.
duos servos emi, quorum alter Graecus, alter Aegyptius erat.
• I bought two slaves, one of whom was Greek, the other was Egyptian
Mercator cui sellas heri vendidi hodie revenit.
• The merchant, to whom I sold the chairs yesterday, returned today.
Cornelia, quae erat puella Romana, in Italia habitabat.
• Cornelia, who was a Roman girl, used to live in Italy.
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PARTICIPLES –PART VERB, PART ADJ
•
Present Active
• Same time as the m.v.
• Recognized by –ns, -nt
• Translated –ing
•
Perfect Passive (remember : noun receives the action of the PPP)
• Completed before the main verb
• 4th principal part
• Usually accompanied by ā/ab
• Translated “having been
ed”
•
Perfect Active (remember : noun performs the action of the PAP)
• Completed before main verb
• Translated “having
ed”
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PARTICIPLE PRACTICE—IDENTIFY AND
TRANSLATE
1. servus, graviter a milite vulneratus, sub plaustro iacebat.
 The servant, having been seriously wounded by the soldier, was
lying under the wagon.
2. canis dominum intrantem vidit.
• The dog saw his master entering.
3. custodes, ad carcerem regressi, neminem ibi invenerunt.
 The gaurds, having returned to the prison, found no one there.
4. Quintus regem, in media turba sedentem, agnovit.
 Quintus recognized the king sitting in the middle of the crowd.
5. Vilbia, e taberna egressa, sorore statim quaesivit.
 Vilbia, having departed from the store, immediately searched for her
sister.
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DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Lentus, -a, -um
Lentior, lentius
Lentissimus, -a, -um
Pulcher, pulchra, -rum
Pulchrior, pulchrius
Pulcherrimus, -a, -um
Fortis, -is, -e
Fortior, fortius
Fortissimus, -a, -um
**Similis, -is, -e
Similior, similius
Simillimus, -a, -um
basic translation
-er, rather, too, more
-est, very, most
w/ quam = as
Positive
Comparative
as possible
Superlative
Lentē
lentius
Lentissimē
Pulchrē
pulchrius
Pulcherrimē
Fortiter
fortius
Fortissimē
**Similiter
similius
Simillimē
-ly
rather, too, more -ly
very, most –ly
w/ quam = as
as possible
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SUBJUNCTIVE VERBS
•
Remember that the subjunctive can be translated in various ways,
depending on the clause it’s in. It’s called the “wishing” mood.
•
Imperfect
• 2nd principal part (infinitive) with endings.
• Usually translated was/were –ing
• Occurs the same time as the main verb
•
Pluperfect
• Perfect stem + isse + endings
• Usually translated “had”
• Occurs before the main verb
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CLAUSES USING THE SUBJUNCTIVE
•
Cum
• Cum = when (because, since)
•
Indirect Question
• Introductory Question word like rogo, scio, nescio, volo,
• Interrogative word like cur, quis, quid, ubi, quo modo, quo
•
Purpose
• ut
•
Result
• Ut AND a “so” word like tam, tanta, tantus, tot, ita, sic, adeo
•
Indirect Command
• Word of urging, commanding, persuading, asking, warning, praying, begging
• Moneo, rogo, persuadeo, oro, impero AND ut
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EXAMPLES OF SUBJUNCTIVE SENTENCES
1. centurio mihi imperavit tacerem.
 The centurion ordered me to be quiet. (IC)
2. tantus erat clamor ut nemo verba regis audiret.
 The shouting was so great that no one heard the king’s words. (R)
3. coquus servis rogavit ut vinum in mensam ponerent.
 The cook asked the slaves to place wine on the table. (IC)
4. custodes nos rogaverunt cur clamaremus.
 The guards asked us why we were shouting. (IQ)
5. cum hospites cenam consumerent, fur cubiculum intravit.
 When the guests were consuming dinner, the thief entered the bedroom (cum)
6. villam intravisti ut pecuniam nostram caperes.
 You entered the house to steal our money.
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