Grammar - PrepWOC
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Transcript Grammar - PrepWOC
Grammar:
A Way to think about language
4 Level Analysis:
Level 1: Parts of Speech
Level 2: Parts of the sentence
Level 3: Phrases
Level 4: Clauses
There are 8 parts of speech
Noun
Pronoun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
Conjunction
Preposition
Interjection
Nouns:
A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea
They can be PROPER
This means they are capitalized and
specific.
Examples: Prospect High School, Mrs.
Joiner, The Bears, Macs, I Pods, etc.
More Nouns:
They can be COMMON:
EXAMPLES: school, woman, food, radio,
tree, dog
ABSTRACT NOUNS ARE IDEAS AND
FEELINGS
EXAMPLES: love, hate, war, beauty,
anger, embarrassment, happiness
CONCRETE NOUNS ARE TANGIBLE.
Desk, chair, dog, cat, tree, person,
coffee
STOP AND PRACTICE!
Underline the nouns! Identify
them as Proper or Common.
1. Eggworthy and Pennyworth both hate
doing homework.
Pennyworth prefers riding a unicycle around
the neighborhood while wearing a red cape.
Eggworthy would rather cook empanandas
for his family that is visiting from Chile.
Teachers at Prospect High School wish they
could get the boys to turn their work in.
Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a
noun
The Noun that is replaced by the pronoun is
the antecedent.
There isn’t always an antecedent
EX. Mrs. Joiner worked at her desk.
Mrs. Joiner is the antecedent for the
PRONOUN her.
COMMON SUBJECT
PRONOUNS
These pronouns will always act as the
SUBJECT of the sentence:
I
You
HE SHE IT
WE
YOU
THEY
These words will act as the subject of the
sentence.
COMMON OBJECT
PRONOUNS
ME
YOU
HIM HER IT
US
YOU THEM
These words will act as direct objects,
indirect objects, or subject complements
Other common PRONOUNS
to learn
Me
I
You
Our
Who
Whom
Their
Mine
My
Stop and Practice! Underline
the pronoun and Circle its
antecedent
1. Eggworthy ate all of his food and my food
too.
Prunella bit Eggworthy on his hand.
Because Eggworthy bit Prunella, she felt it
would be okay to pinch his arm to get
revenge.
They made up and decided to eat doughnuts
and cakes for most of the night.
Both Eggworthy and Prunella felt better in
the morning, but they didn’t want breakfast.
VERBS: Action and Linking
A VERB shows
Action
If it is a LINKING VERB, it links the
subject of the sentence to its subject
complement.
State of being
ACTION VERBS!
Action verbs show ACTION
You probably can imagine these verbs
happening!
Examples: Throw, yell, smile, create, jump,
run, walk, trip
EX. I walked around the classroom
Walked is the action verb
Linking Verbs
Linking verbs link a subject to its
complement and tend to suggest state of
being or feelings.
EX. I am happy
Am is a linking verb that links the subject “I”
to the adjective “happy”.
Linking Verbs to Memorize!
Am
Is
Was
Were
Be
Being
Been
Seems
Becomes
Appears
STOP AND PRACTICE!
Circle the action verbs,
underline the linking verbs
Ludwig and Ludmilla absolutely love the
weather.
Eggworthy ate fifteen buttery empanadas.
Pennyworth is angry with Eggworthy
because he ate them all.
It is gorgeous in the fall.
The milk turned bad about a week ago;
Eggworthy drank it anyways.
Prunella swept the dusty floor.
ADJECTIVES
Adjectives are words that MODIFY(describe)
nouns or pronouns.
They answer these THREE QUESTIONS:
WHAT KIND?
WHICH ONE?
HOW MANY?
STOP AND PRACTICE!
Circle the adjectives.
Eggworthy ate fifteen syrupy pancakes.
Because it was raining, Pennyworth’s hair
was stringy and wet.
The bog was dark and foggy.
Lazy Ludmilla and loud Ludwig were
annoying neighbors.
HINT: A, AN, and THE are always
ADJECTIVES!!!!
ADVERBS
Adverbs are words that modify
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Adverbs answer these questions:
How?
When?
Where?
Why?
To what extent?
Under what conditions?
Adverbs
Adverbs are like kisses. If you give out too
many, they won’t mean anything!
EX. I had a really really really fun time.
9 times out of 10, adverbs will end in –LY
EX. Slowly, quickly, interestingly
Common Adverbs that don’t follow that rule:
Well, too, very, then, always, never, so,
super
Stop and Practice! Underline
the adverbs.
Eggworthy, you should never swim alone!
Pennyworth thought that class was very
boring and too long.
Prunella should arrive on Saturday.
Ludmilla stacked the books neatly
Eggworthy ad Prunella merrily hummed a
tune while completing their chores.
Pennyworth lazily swam in a circle while
waiting for his sister.
Conjunctions
CON means together
JUNCT means join
CONJUNCTIONS are words that join two
words or two groups of words.
Conjunctions holding together
two or more nouns:
He ate eggs AND ham.
I’ll get a cat, a dog, AND a snake.
Conjunctions holding together
two or more verbs, adverbs,
adjectives, or independent
clauses
VERBS:
I’ll run AND jump.
You can sink OR swim.
ADV. And ADJ.
The woods are lovely, dark, AND deep
You need to walk quickly AND quietly
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
I will go with him to the sore, AND we will
buy groceries.
MEMOMORIZE THIS!
The 7 COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
FANBOYS
F-FOR
A-AND
N-NOR
B-BUT
0-OR
Y-YET
S-S0
SUBORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS LINK
THE LESS IMPORTANT PART TO THE MORE
IMPORTANT PART.
WASBIT
W-WHILE
A-AS
S-SINCE
B-BECAUSE
I-IF
T-THOUGH
MORE SUBORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS TO
MEMORIZE!
After
While
As if
Although
Because
As long as
Even though
Before
In order that
If
Rather than
Now that
That
Since
Until
Though
Where
When
And more….
Whereas
Statements that begin with
subordinating conjunctions cannot
BE SENTENCES. The must be
attached to INDEPENDENT
CLAUSES.
As
As though
Even if
If only
EX. IF I went to the party
Once
If if went to the party, I would have
fun
Than
As the night grew dark
As the night grew dark, we turned
on the lights.
Unless
Whenever
Wherever
Stop and Practice! Underline
the Coordinating
Conjunctions.
I went to the store, and I bought milk.
Eggworthy grinned and laughed when he
hear the good news
It doesn’t matter if Prunella sings, or if
Eggworthy dances.
I will go to the party, but I will not bring
Ludmilla.
Stop and Practice! Underline
the subordinating
conjunctions.
If you bring me dinner, I will clean the
dishes.
As I walk to the store, be sure to clean the
house.
Since I will arrive first, move the other cars
from the driveway
NOW LOOK FOR BOTH
If I get dinner, please clean the dishes, but
don’t use the dishwasher.
Prepositions
A word that shows the relationship
between its object and another word in
the sentence.
-
show relationships of time (before, during,
after)
-
Show relationships of space (in, on, beside,
around)
-
Show relationships of directions (to, from,
toward)
Somewhere over the rainbow. . .
PREPOSITIONS!
Prepositions show where things are
located, compared to each other.
The book is on the desk; the bag is
underneath it.
The file is in the computer!
Prepositions give language geometry.
The cylinder is inside the cube.
The crash was before the boom.
PREPOSITIONS!
Notice that prepositions are small and
common, but powerful. To use the wrong
preposition is to completely alter the
meaning of an idea.
There is a $1,000 check for you.
There is a $1,000 check from you.
PREPOSITIONS!
Never end a sentence with a
preposition??
Well, we used to say that. We still
disapprove of sentences like “Where are
you at?” because the meaning of the
preposition is incomplete.
Correction: “Where are you, at home?”
In other cases, most people consider a
concluding preposition okay.
“Who is that present for?” should
technically be “For whom is this present?”
but it sounds stuffy and inappropriately
formal.
PREPOSITIONS AND THE
BOX
YOU COULD BE …
OVER a box
NEAR a box
BY a box
FROM a box
FOR a box
NEXT TO a box
UNDER a box
OVER a box
INTERJECTIONS!
A word that shows emotion but has no
grammatical function.
JECT means throw
INTER means between
They do not join, or modify, or show
relationships, or replace; they just throw
(JECT) and exclamation in between
(INTER) words in a sentence.
Examples:
oh, ugh, wow, yes, no, oops, yeah
LEVEL 1: Parts of Speech
SPEEDY REVIEW:
1)
Noun: name of a person, place, thing, or idea
2)
Pronoun: a word that takes the place of a noun
o
Subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
o
Object pronouns, me, you, him, her, it, us, them
3)
Verb: a word that shows action, being, or links a subject to its
subject compliment
4)
Adjective: a word that modifies a noun or pronoun
1) Articles: a, an, the
5)
Adverb: a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb
6)
Preposition: shows the relationship between its object and another
word in the sentence
7)
Conjunction: a word that joins two words or two groups of words
8)
Interjection: shows emotion but has no grammatical function