Transcript Participle and Prepositional Phrases.

Clarification on
Some Confusion
Clauses Defined
O Clauses are groups of words that can act as
a sentence, but they don’t always make a
sentence.
O Clauses will always have a subject and a
predicate.
O The subject in a clause is actively
performing the verb.
Examples of Clauses.
O Subject, Verb (that starts the predicate)
O since she laughs at funny people
O I despise individuals of low character
O when the saints go marching in
O Rodney Washerman went to the store to pick
up some chips
Independent and Dependent
Clauses
O An independent clause, IC, is a clause that
can stand alone as a sentence.
O I despise individuals of low character.
O Rodney Washerman went to the store to pick
up some chips.
O Dependent clauses do not make sense as a
sentence and cannot stand alone.
O since she laughs at funny people
O when the saints go marching in
Practice Makes Perfect!
O Tell me which of these is a dependent and
which is an independent clause.
O Jim reads.
O I was late to work.
O Because I woke up late this morning.
O The paper does not specify what format it
should be in for an A.
O When we arrived in class.
O If my neighbor does not pay his rent on time.
Phrases Defined
O A phrase is a group of two or more words
that does not have a subject and verb
combination and does not form a predicate.
O It contains a noun or a verb, but does not
have a subject or a predicate.
O Phrases add information to the sentences
you are writing.
O Just like clauses, there are different types of
phrases.
Examples of phrases.
O leaving behind the dog
O before the first test
O broken into thousands of pieces
O because of her glittering smile
O after the devastation
Clause or Phrase?
O Which of these is a clause and which is a
phrase?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Because he likes the house
I ate some breakfast
In the sand
Before I went to school
Playing guitar
Running in place
Adjective Rule-Commas
O When a noun is modified by two or more
adjectives, you put a comma after every
adjective except for the one right in front of
the noun.
O Here is a noun= dog
O Here are some adjectives=smelly hairy wet
dirty
O Here is a sentence with the noun and its
adjectives= The smelly, hairy, wet, dirty dog
pooped on the floor again.
Important!!!
O When the last adjective in a series is
thought of as part of the noun, the comma
before the adjective is omitted.
O Basically if you have a compound noun, you
know it doesn’t need a comma.
O ExO I mailed the package at the main post office.
(post and office name a place)
O For lunch we had smooth, creamy broccoli
soup. (broccoli and soup name a thing)
Practice
O Tell me where the commas go in the
following sentences.
It’s been a long hectic tiring day.
2. Get that filthy disgusting stinky animal out
of my house!
3. I told you it was going to be a long boring
ride home.
1.
Subordinate Conjunctions
O Subordinate conjunctions introduce
dependent (subordinate) clauses.
O They also connect dependent clauses to
independent clauses.
O ExO Although the pep rally is today, we still have
to cover these concepts.
Some Common Subordinate
Conjunctions
After
Although
As
Than
Since
That
Because
Before
If
Even if
Even though
Though
Until
How
So that
Unless
IC/DC Patterns
O Since subordinate conjunctions connect
dependent and independent clauses, we will
practice making sentences using them.
O You need a comma when using a subordinate
conjunction to connect a dependent clause to an
independent clause (DC, IC).
O You do not always need a comma to connect an
independent clause to a dependent clause with
a subordinate conjunction (IC DC).
IC/DC Examples
O DC,IC= Instead of worrying about how
difficult the material is, the students
decided to take the time to relax and absorb
the information.
O IC DC= He took the stage since he had been
preparing for this moment his entire life.
Participle Phrases
O Participles end in –ed or –ing. (Unless they are
irregular verbs)
O Participles can function as verbs, nouns, or
adjectives.
O Ex-
O The water drained slowly into the pipe clogged
with dog hair.
O Clogged with dog hair modifies the noun pipe.
O There is no action expressed by the word
“clogged.”
Participle Phrases and
Commas
O A participle phrase consist of the participle and
all the modifiers for the participle.
O Ex-
O Eating the last of the leftover pizza.
O Everything in the phrase goes along with the
participle.
O Here is the example in a sentence.
O LaShae found her friend Ben eating the last of the
leftover pizza.
O What is the noun being modified?
Participle Phrases and
Commas cont.
O Use a comma after a participle phrase that
starts a sentence.
O ExO Calling for a timeout, the referee blew his
whistle and signaled.
O Exhausted after a three mile swim, Diana
emerged from the water.
Gerunds
O When a participle functions as a noun it is a
Gerund.
O Gerunds are easily confused with participles
because they end in –ing as well, but they are
not verbs.
O Gerunds may look like a verb, but they function
as nouns.
O ExO His first love is swimming.
O Swimming is used as a noun here. It is his first
love.
Practice
O Which is a gerund and which is a participle?
Walking on the beach, she dodged jellyfish
that had washed ashore.
2. Walking on the beach is painful if jellyfish
have washed ashore.
3. Freddie hates waking to the buzz of an
alarm clock.
4. Waking to the buzz of an alarm clock,
Freddie cursed another Monday.
1.