Transcript Direct Object

2015년 9월 15일 화요일
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ENGLISH SYNTAX
AND ARGUMENTATION
Direct Object, Indirect Object and Adjunct
영어영문학부
1412030 신지현
2015년 9월 15일 화요일
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Direct Object
직접 목적어
Predicate
(39) His girlfriend bought this computer.
NP S
V
DO
(40) That silly fool broke the teapot.
V
DO
NP
S
(41) Our linguistics lecturer took this photograph.
NP
S
V
DO
(42) My sister found this book.
DO
NPS
V
Semantic Properties
>In the same way Subjects typically play an agentive
role, Direct Objects have a Patient role.
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Direct Object
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직접 목적어
Syntactic characteristics
1) Like Subject, D.Os are often Noun Phrases.
2) Their usual position is after the main verb.
(39)
(40)
(41)
(42)
His girlfriend bought this computer.
That silly fool broke the teapot.
Our linguistics lecturer took this photograph.
My sister found this book.
2015년 9월 15일 화요일
Direct Object
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직접 목적어
Syntactic characteristics
(3) D.Os have a strong relationship with the verb that precedes them.
(43) Our vicar likes fast cars.
(44)
(45)
(46)
(47)
*His girlfriend bought.
*That silly fool broke.
*Our linguistics lecturer took.
*My sister found.
(48)
(49)
(50)
(51)
(52)
William blushed.
Sean cried.
Thomas slept.
Lee dreamt.
Garry jumped.
(53) a. Harold moved the table.
b. Harold moved.
(54) a. Jake walked the dog.
b. Jake walked.
(54) a. Goneril was reading a book.
b. Goneril was reading.
(54) a. Pat was eating a sandwich.
b. Pat was eating.
>Transitive verb(타동사), Intransitive verb(자동사)
>D.O here is understood or implicit
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직접 목적어
Syntactic characteristics
(57) a. His girlfriend bought this computer.
b. This computer was bought by his girlfriend.
(58) a. That silly fool broke the teapot.
b. The teapot was broken by that silly fool.
(59) a. Our linguistics lecturer took this photograph.
b. This photograph was taken by my our linguistics lecturer.
(60) a. My sister found this book.
b. This book was found by my sister.
>active sentence(능동문), passive sentence(수동문)
(4) If you turn an active sentence into the passive sentence, the
D.O of the active sentence becomes the Subject of the passive
sentence.
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직접 목적어
Exercise
> Produce passive version of the following active sentences.
(1) We drank this bottle of coke.
This bottle of coke was drunk by us.
(2) My son found a wallet.
A wallet was found by my son.
(3) The inspectors checked the tickets.
The tickets was checked by the inspectors.
(4) This store sells only silk shirts.
Only silk was sold by this store.
>Direct Objects function as Complements to verb.
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Indirect Object
간접 목적어
(61) We gave the boys the CDs.
S
V
IO
DO
(62) The publisher sent her a review copy of the book.
S
V
IO
DO
(63) She lent the student a diskette.
S
V
IO
DO
(64) My father always told us stories.
S
V
IO DO
>Ditransitive verbs(이중타동사)
Semantic Properties
>The typical role associated with Indirect Objects is
Goal/Receiver or Beneficiary.
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Indirect Object
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간접 목적어
Syntactic characteristics
(1) They are usually None Phrases.
(2) They cannot occur without a following Direct Object.
(61)
(62)
(63)
(64)
We gave the boys the CDs.
The publisher sent her a review copy of the book.
She lent the student a diskette.
My father always told us stories.
(65)
(66)
(67)
(68)
*We gave the boys .
*The publisher sent her.
*She lent the student.
*My father always told us
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Indirect Object
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간접 목적어
Syntactic characteristics
(3) Indirect Objects always precede Direct Objects.
(69)
(70)
(71)
(72)
*We gave the CDs the boys.
*The publisher sent a review copy of the book her.
*She lent a diskette the student.
*My father always told stories us.
(73)
(74)
(75)
(76)
We gave the CDs to the boys .
The publisher sent a review copy of the book to her.
She lent a diskette to the student.
My father always told stories to us.
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Indirect Object
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간접 목적어
Syntactic characteristics
(4) Like D.Os, they can become the Subjects of passive sentences.
>Direct objects have become the Subject in this case
(81)
(82)
(83)
(84)
The CDs were given to the boys by us.
A review copy of the book was sent to her by the publisher.
A diskette was lent to the student by her.
Stories were always told to us by our father.
2015년 9월 15일 화요일
Indirect Object
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간접 목적어
Syntactic characteristics
(4) Like D.Os, they can become the Subjects of passive sentences.
(61)
(62)
(63)
(64)
We gave the boys the CDs.
The publisher sent her a review copy of the book.
She lent the student a diskette.
My father always told us stories.
(77)
(78)
(79)
(80)
The boys were given the CDs by us.
She was sent a review copy of the book by the publisher.
The student was lent a diskette by her.
We were always told stories by our father.
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Adjunct
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부가어
(85)The bus stopped suddenly.
>How did the bus stop?
(86) Shakespeare wrote his plays a long time ago.
>When did Shakespeare write his play?
(87) They went to the theatre in London.
>Where did they go to the theatre?
(87) He hates maths because he can’t understand it.
>Why does he hate maths?
Semantic Properties
>Adjuncts have the function of telling us about the
how, when, where or why of the situations expressed
by the respective sentences.
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Adjunct
13
부가어
Syntactic characteristics
1) Adjuncts are always optional, and express peripheral
information.
2) They can be ‘stacked’, which means that more than
one of them can appear in a sentence.
(89) Last year I saw this film several times.
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Adjunct
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부가어
Syntactic characteristics
3) Adjuncts are mobile.
(90) Greedily Andre are all the biscuits.
(91) Andre greedily are all the biscuits.
(92) Andre ate all the biscuits greedily.
>The position between the main verb and DO is excluded.
(93) *Andre ate greedily all the biscuits.
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Exercises
4. True or false? In the sentence ‘This summer all the students will
have vacation jobs in their home town.’
(2)
(3)
(5)
(6)
This summer is an Adjunct.
vacation jobs is an Indirect Object.
in their home towns function as Adjunct.
the Direct Object is vacation job.
T
F
T
T
>This summer all the students will have vacation jobs in their home town.
Adjunct
Direct Object
Adjunct