Transcript Scientific Revolution

REVOLUTION AND
ENLIGHTENMENT
1550-1800
When you hear the word
REVOLUTION
what comes to your mind?
What is the definition of
REVOLUTION?
Intro: The Renaissance inspired a spirit of
curiosity in many fields. It was during this
time that philosophers abandoned their old
views and developed new ones. In science,
especially in ASTRONOMY, people began to
question ideas that had been accepted for
hundreds of years. New scientific theories
and discoveries led to changes so great that
historians
speak of a . . .
Scientific Revolution
(1500s-1600s)
The Medieval View – During the Medieval Ages, most
scholars believed that the earth was an unmoving
object located at the center of the universe.
According to that belief, the moon , the sun, and
the planets all moved in perfectly circular paths
around the earth. Beyond the planets lay a sphere
of fixed stars, with heaven still farther beyond.
Common sense seemed to support this view. After
all, the sun appeared to be moving around the
earth as it rose in the morning and set in the
evening.
A New Way
of Scientific
ThinkingRevolution
Especially significant
in the
were discoveries in astronomy.
These discoveries would overturn the
conception of the universe held by
Westerners in the middle Ages.
Ptolemaic by
System
• Model was constructed
Ptolemy in the 2nd
century A.D.
• The geocentric model of the universe; it
places the Earth at the center of the universe.
Copernicus
• Polish mathematician who felt that
the geocentric model was too
complicated and believed that the sun
was the center of the universe
• (1543) heliocentric model (everything
revolves around the sun)
• 1st to argue that the sun, not the earth,
was the center of the universe
Kepler
• German mathematician who used
detailed astronomical data to arrive at
his laws of planetary motion
• His first law showed that the planets
orbited around the sun in an elliptical
shape, not circular
(his observations confirmed that the
sun was the center of the universe)
• He invented theGalileo
telescope and with it
he made regular observations of the
heavens
• (1610) Mathematician who made
Europeans aware of the works/views of
Copernicus & Kepler)
• He discovered mountains on the moon, four moons
revolving around Jupiter, and sunspots.
• Galileo was arrested and tried for suspicion of
heresy in 1633
• He was ordered to publicly say that his theories
were false; He was sentenced to house arrest;
publication of any of his works was forbidden,
including any he might write in the future
Newton
• English mathematician
• (1642) law/theory of gravity
• showed how one law could explain all
motion in the universe.
• This encouraged scientists to explore
and experiment even more.
Descartes
Famous mathematician and
philosopher
“I think, therefore I am.”
* Father of modern
rationalism/philosophy
(philosopher)
Bacon
developed the scientific method: collecting
& analyzing evidence
* believed scientists should use Inductive
reasoning: systematic observations and
carefully organized experiments to test
theories, which would lead to correct
general principles.
. . . Invention of new instruments
(telescope, microscope) made fresh
scientific discoveries possible and the
printing press helped spread new ideas
quickly and easily.
. . . science, chemistry, math, medicine
(heart)
CONFLICT?
YES
Between religion & the inquiring mind that
wanted to know & understand through
reason based on evidence and proof.
The influence of the Scientific Revolution soon
spread beyond the world of science.
Philosophers admired Newton because he had
used reason to explain the laws of governing
nature, and began to look for laws governing
human behavior as well. People hoped to
apply reason and the scientific method to all
aspects of society – government, economics,
religion, and education.
In this way, the ideas of the Scientific
Revolution paved the way for anew period
called the Enlightenment or Age of Reason.
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
* The Enlightenment was a movement
brought by writers who said that to
understand the natural world & human
kind’s place in it people should rely solely
on scientific reasoning without turning to
religious beliefs.
Natural Law
By the early 1700s, Europeans also used
reason to discover why people act the
way they do.
natural laws: rules that govern all of
nature--including human nature
• Enlightenment
didn’t
deal
just
Enlightenment and Politics
w/science but w/politics
• Enlightenment thinkers tried to apply
the laws of nature to human society
• They wanted to reform the government
• With these laws, they hoped to solve
the problems of society
John
Locke
* People have natural
rights
(rights that belong
to ALL humans at birth)
* Gov’t should protect those rights – and if it
doesn’t, the people have a right to change or
replace it.
* The best kind of gov’t is one that has limited
power
Montesquieu:
* the powers of the gov’t should be
separated into 3 branches (separation
of powers)
* Each branch will keep the other
branches from becoming too powerful
(checks and balances)
Adam Smith
*Explained how competition, supply and
demand guides a free market economy
(capitalism)
He believed in laissez faire:
Allowing business to operate w/little or
no gov’t interference
. . . Mercantilism dealt w/gov’t control
Enlightenment Ideas Spread:
* Ideas spread across Europe
[printing press helped carry the
ideas] and prompted some ruler to
make reforms.
* A fair society, they thought ,
should provide material well-being,
justice, and happiness.
• Gov’t and Church believed that GOD
had set up society as it was
---To STOP new ideas
they burned English books and put
writers/authors in prison
***So philosophers asked rulers to adopt
reforms
Other Enlightenment Thinkers
Voltaire: made fun of traditional
authority. He believed in religious
tolerance and intellectual freedom.
Rousseau: Government should respond to
the will of the people
Locke, Montesquieu, Smith, Voltaire and
Rousseau all influenced the leaders of the
American Revolution
ART & MUSIC
*** baroque
•
rococo
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Johann Sebastian Bach
•
Handel
•
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (6 yr.
old prodigy)
the end
Scientific Revolution Cards
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Tycho Brahe (Front)
1546-1601
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(Back)
Quote: When, according to habit, I was
contemplating the stars in a clear sky, I
noticed a new and unusual star, surpassing
the other stars in brilliancy. There had never
before been any star in that place in the sky.
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Accomplishments
Using just a basic, fist-sized celestial sphere
and string, Tycho discovered that tables of
predictions of planet positions
He observed a one-in-twenty-year
conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn, and again
noted errors in both Copernicus’s and
Ptolemy’s predictions.
First to document a super nova
1546-1601
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Effects: Developed instruments to measure
the angles between celestial bodies.