Transcript Clauses - yogeshprajapati77

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A clause is a group of
related words containing
a subject and a verb.
It is different from a phrase in that a phrase does
not include a subject and a verb relationship.
There are many different kinds of clauses. It would be
helpful to review some of the grammar vocabulary we
use to talk about clauses.
Clauses: Types
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Clauses go by many names. Here are some definitions:
1. Independent: A clause that can stand by itself and still make
sense. An independent clause could be its own sentence, but is
often part of a larger structure, combined with other independent
clauses and with dependent clauses. Independent clauses are
sometimes called essential or restrictive clauses.
2. Dependent: Clause Ae pote muKt hotu n4I. te hmexa> potana ko[k
A4R ma3e ko[k ANy ]pr Aa2airt hoy 0e.A clause that cannot stand by
itself. It depends on something else, an independent clause,
for its meaning. Ap`e 3 p/kar na> Clause pr ivcar krI xkIAe.
Clauses: Three Main Types
Dependent clauses vaKyma> temna rol Anusar 3 p/kar na> hoy
0e. They can be identified and classified according to
their role in the sentence.
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Noun clauses
Adjective Clause
Adverb Clause
• Nehru has written a fine book about how India got freedom.
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ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES modify nouns or pronouns in the
rest of the sentence.
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ADJECTIVE CLAUSES vaKyma> ko[ p` S4ane Aavta nam ke svRnamna
ivxe v2u maihit AapIne tene modify kre e0e.e
• The mobile phone, which started out as a means for communication,
has become a mobile T.V..
•The man who thinks only of himself is selfish.
• The work that interests you most is your hobby.
•The money which you save is the money you earn.
juAo, Aa vakyoma> ktaR (Subject)ene tena ik/yapd(verb)4I Adjective Clause
dvara Alg paDeel 0e. Aa Adejective Clause Ae tenI Aag5na nam(noun) ivxe v2u
maihtI Aape 0e.
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Relative Pronoun ( s>yojk)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
what
who
that
which
where
when
how
whose
whom
why
xu> / je
koe`/ ko`e /je/je`e
ke
Kyu> je
Kya> jya>
kyare jyare
kevI rIte/ Ae rIte
kon>u / jen>u
kone / jene
kem / ma3e
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• Noun + Relative Pronoun + Adjective Clause
The
The
The
The
The
The
man who lives here
film that we saw
school which is near my house
boy whose father is a policeman
teacher whom I know
boy whose pen this is
s>yojk Ae j Clauseno ktaR
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ke3lI var an adjective clausene s>yojk pote j ktaR hoy 0e je Clausene rjU kre
0e. Sometimes an adjective clause has no subject other than the
relative pronoun that introduces the clauses.
The book which is there on the table is very interesting.
The boy who is sitting there is my brother.
The mobile phone that is in your hand is mine.
Such clauses — all beginning with “which,” “that,” or a form
of “who” — are also known as RELATIVE CLAUSES. The
relative pronoun serves as the subject of the dependent clause
and relates to some word or idea in the independent clause.
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Recap on
Defining Relative Clauses
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WHO
= people
WHICH = animals and things, …
“THAT” = can be used instead of
‘WHO’ and ‘WHICH’
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THAT
• Did you know the student (WHO)
THAT came to the lesson
yesterday?
• The book (WHICH) THAT I’m
reading is very interesting.
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Other Relative Pronouns
• WHOSE = possession
• WHEN = days, months, years....
• WHERE = for places
Adjective Clauses
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• The main relative pronouns are:
• Who: used for humans in subject position:
Sonia, who is a teacher, works in Mehsana.
• Whom: used for humans in object position:
Sarangi, whom Sachin knows well, is an
excellent teacher.
• Which: used for things and animals in
subject or object position: Roshni has a dog
which follows her everywhere.
M.A. Vianey Martín Núñez
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Example
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• I liked ‘Spiderman, which I’ve
seen recently. (not “that”, no
Omission)
• I’ve found my keys, which I had
been looking for. (not “that”, no
Omission)
Example
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• 1) My sister, who lives in
Pakistan,
is a doctor.
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Prepositions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
on
]pr
in
ma>
over na ]pr
under nIce
behind pa05
for
ma3e
to
ne
at
na trf
About na ivxe
with
nI sa4e
against na ivru@2
after
nI pa05
before na phela>
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• Noun + Preposition + Relative Pronoun
+ Adjective Clause
• The boy with whom you study
• The teacher in whose class you sit
• The shopkeeper from whom you buy
• The class in which I study
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The chair on which the old
man is sitting is made of
plastic.
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The boy to whom Sunil is beating is
his brother.
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I like the film ‘Don’ in
which Amitabh Bachchan
was the don.
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The reason for which Anna was on
fast is very serious for our country.
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The man with whom Gandhiji
is walking is Sardar Patel.
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The pen with which Shalini
is writing was gifted by her
dady.
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I don’t know the person with
whom Mrs. Sharma is talking
on he mobile phone.
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The gentleman with whom Miss Shalini is
shaking hand is the manager of the company.
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The picture in which you are watching the
spiderman has been taken from Internet.
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Sardar Patel was the leader
under whose leadership
Bardoli Satyagraha became
successful.
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This is the house in which I live.
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The man from whom I bought this
bunglow has gone to U.S.A..
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• 2) Flat screen televisions, which
are very expensive, have a better
picture quality.
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• 4) The teachers at this
school who arrive late for
class will be dismissed.
5)The students, who had tickets,
went into the museum
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• The book ____ I bought yesterday
cost over £10 pounds
• The house ____ I live in now is
smaller than the old one.
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Summary
• Defining Relative
• No commas
• Omit the relative
pronoun except when
SUBJECT
Non-Defining
Relative
 Between commas
 No omission
Relative Pronouns
WHO: refers to people
WHICH: refers to things
WHOSE: for possession
WHEN: for time
WHERE : for places.
Clauses: Building Blocks
for Sentences
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Understanding CLAUSES and how they are connected within
the larger structure of your sentence will help you avoid
Sentence Fragments
Run-on Sentences
and make it possible for you to punctuate your sentences
properly and write confidently with a variety of sentence
structures.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES modify nouns or pronouns in the
rest of the sentence.
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ADJECTIVE CLAUSES vaKyma> ko[ p` S4ane Aavta nam ke svRnamna
ivxe v2u maihit AapIne tene modify kre e0e.e
• The Internet, which started out as a means for military and academic
types to share documents, has become a household necessity.
• Tim Berners-Lee, who developed the World Wide Web, could never
have foreseen the popularity of his invention.
•The graphical user interface (GUI) that we all take for granted
nowadays is actually a late development in the World Wide Web.
Notice, now, how the subject is often separated from its verb by
information represented by the dependent clause.
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WHOSE
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That’s the woman whose son ran
over my cat
WHEN, WHERE
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Tell me when you expect to
arrive
The hotel where we stayed
was excellent
WHICH
• Refers to the whole of the sentence
before
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• Can be used to make a comment about the
whole situation described in a main clause
The teacher arrived on time, which
amazed everybody
They had everything ready for us,
which was nice
http://www.englishcorner.
vacau.com/grammar/intera
ctive/rcos3.html
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• I read the letter
• Which letter?
• We need more detail.
• The one that arrived this morning.