Transcript File - Ms. Gucciardi

Vocabulary, Sentences and
Grammar.
VOCABULARY (REVIEW)
Synonyms & Antonyms
• Synonym= a word that has the same or nearly
the same meaning as one or more other
words.
EX: program / curriculum
• Antonym= a word that has the opposite
meaning of another word.
EX: black / white
Homonym & Homograph
• Homonym= a word that sounds the same as
another but has different spelling and a different
meaning.
EX: waist / waste
• Homograph= a word that has the same spelling
as another word but a different meaning and
sometimes a different pronunciation
EX: batter (for cakes– to abuse)
Prefix & Suffix
• Prefix= a group of letters added to the
beginning of a base word that changes the
meaning of the word.
EX: unlikely
• Suffix= a group of letters added to the end of a
base word that changes the meaning of the
word.
EX: courageous
Contractions
• A contraction is a word formed by joining two
other words.
• An apostrophe shows where a letter of letters
have been omitted.
EX: she will = she’ll
*Exception is won’t (will not)
Compound Words
• A compound word is a word that is made up
of two or more words. The meaning of many
compound words is related to the meaning of
each individual word.
EX: rattlesnake
Connotation & Denotation
• Denotation is the exact meaning of a word as
stated in a dictionary.
• Connotation is an added meaning of a word
that suggests something positive or negative.
SENTENCES
Types of Sentences
1- Declarative: makes a statement. It is followed by
a period.
2- Imperative: expresses a command or request. It
is followed by a period.
3-Interrogative: asks a question. It is followed by a
question mark (?).
4- Exclamatory: expresses strong emotion. I can
also express a command or request that is made
with great excitement. It is followed by an
exclamation mark (!).
SUBJECTS
• The “do-er” of the action. Every sentence
MUST have a subject.
• COMPLETE: includes all the words that tell
who or what the sentence is about.
• SIMPLE: the main word in the complete
subject.
• COMPOUND: is made up of two or more
simple subjects.
PREDICATES
• The action (or verb) itself. Every sentence
must have a predicate (as well as a subject).
• COMPLETE: includes all the words that state
the action or condition of the subject.
• SIMPLE: a verb within the complete predicate.
• COMPOUND: is made up of two or more
simple predicates.
OBJECTS
• DIRECT OBJECT: tells who or what receives the action
of the verb. The direct object is a noun, proper noun or
pronoun that follows an action verb.
EX: You told the (truth) direct object
• INDIRECT OBJECT: the noun, pronoun or proper noun
that tells to whom or for whom an action is done. In
order to have an indirect object, a sentence must have
a direct object.
EX: Who sold (you)indirect object that fantastic
(bike)direct object?
CLAUSES
• A clause is a group of words that contain a
subject and a predicate.
• There are 2 kinds of clauses.
1- The Independent Clause
2- The Subordinate Clause
Independent Clause
• Can stand alone as a sentence because it
expresses a complete thought.
EX: (The students came) in when the bell rang.
Subordinate Clause
• This clause has a subject and a predicate but
cannot stand alone as a sentence because it
does not express a complete thought.
• A subordinate clause must be combined with
an independent clause to make a sentence
EX: The stamp (that I bought) was already in my
collection.
Types of Subordinate Clauses
1- Adjective Subordinate Clause
• A subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a
pronoun. It answers the adjective question which
one? or what kind?
• It usually modifies the word directly preceding it.
• Most adjective clauses begin with a RELATIVE
PRONOUN.
Relative Pronouns
• Relates an adjective clause to the noun or
pronoun that the clause modifies.
-Who
-Whose
-Which
-That
EX: The coat (that I bought) was on sale.
Types of Subordinate Clauses (cont.)
2- Adverb Subordinate Clause
• A subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an
adjective or another adverb.
• It answers the adverb question how? under
what condition? or why?
• Most adverb clauses begin with a
subordinating conjunction.
Subordinating Conjunctions
• The ‘joining’ words that introduce adverb
clauses.
-When
-After
-Before
-Because
-Although
-Since
Now that we understand clauses, we can begin
to understand the different ways to join
together clauses to add interest to our writing.
Simple Sentences
(ind.)
• Contains only one independent clause. The
subject, predicate or both may be compound.
EX:
The courthouse is the oldest building in town.
Gale and Louise are making costumes and
dressing up.
Compound Sentences
(ind + ind.)
• Consists of two or more independent clauses. Each
independent clause in a compound sentence can
stand alone as a separate sentence.
• The independent clauses are usually joined by
conjunctions :
– and
- or
– but
- for
– so
- yet
• Sometimes a semicolon (;) is used to join two
independent clauses in a compound sentence
Compound Sentences (cont.)
• Pay attention to how commas are used in
these sentences!
EX:
Jack brought the chairs, but Mary forgot the
extra table.
The music started; the dance had begun.
We can wait for Jesper, or we can go on ahead.
Complex Sentences
(ind. + sub.)
• Contains one independent clause and one or
more subordinate clauses.
EX:
The person (who helps me carry these) gets
some dessert.
The shadows (that had fallen between the trees)
were a deep purple.
Complex-Compound Sentences
(ind. + ind. + sub.)
• Consists of two or more independent clauses
and one or more subordinate clauses.
EX:
Magda stayed at my house because she lost her
keys, and her parents were not home.