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Unit 3
Word Formation: compounding
Compounding is a process
of word formation by
w h i c h t wo i n de pe n de nt
words are put together to
make one word. The word
f o r m e d i n t h is w a y i s
called compound
A. According to orthographic criterion,
compounds are written in three ways:
1) solid, such as bedtime
2)hyphenated, such as abovementioned
3) open, such as reading material
Phonologically, compounds can often
be identified as having a main stress on
the first element and a secondary stress
on the second element.
`old friends
/
`new friends
/
`pure scientists
/
Semantically, compounds can often
be identified as “ having a meaning
which may be related to but can not
simply be inferred from the meaning
of its parts.
A darkroom is not just a room that is
dark, rather a room used for
photographic processing.
1.
Noun Compounds
In politics:
a hot line: a telephone line
for swift communication in
emergencies between
Moscow and Washington.
(热线)
hard-liner: a person following an
uncompromising or extreme policy
In economics:
unit pricing: the pricing of a
commodity expressed per unit of
weight, volume,etc. (单价与兑价分标
法)
siege economics: extremely strict
economical measures
(极其严格的节约措施)
In military fields:
cruise missile: a low-flying
subsonic guided missile (巡航
导弹)
laser bomb: bomb
laser 激光导弹
guided
fox-bat (狐蝠式战斗机)
by
In science and technology:
black hole: a hypothetical
celestial region formed from a
collapsed star. (黑洞)
biological clock: inherent mechanism that
regulates cyclic physiological process in a
living organism.(生物钟)
strobe light: higher intensity flashing light
频闪放电管
In social life:
identity crisis: a state of psychological
confusion in one's personality.个性危机
group therapy: the treatment of a group
of patients in regular sessions where
problems are shared in group discussion:
小组疗法
encounter group: a group of
people who meet to develop
understanding of others by
honest exchange of feelings,
opinions, etc.交朋友小组
answering service: a commercial
service that answers telephone
calls for its clients.营利性的
代客接听电话的服务处
shield law: a law that pretexts
journalists
from
forced
disclosure
of
confidential news sources.新闻来
源保障法
demand scheduling: flight
scheduling on the part an
airline according to the
specific demand of a
passenger.
按乘客要求安排航空旅行日程.
silence vow: a vow to keep
silence about something secret
保守秘密誓词
The analysis of the noun
compound structures:
1. subject + predicate:
heartbeat:
The
heart
beats.
revolving door: the door
that revolves
2. predicate + object:
pickpocket: to pick the pocket
housekeeping: to keep the house
3. Verb + adverbial:
There are five kinds in this
type:
a) a prepositional phrase used as
an adverbial
(a)The adverbial relation of place:
diving board: diving from the board
living room: live in a room
waiting room: wait in a room
(b)The instrumental relation of an
adverbial:
sewing machine: sew with a machine
walking stick: walk with a machine
参见258
4. subject + object:
steamboat: The steam powers
the boat.
honey bee: The bee produces
honey
5. appositive:
a peasant girl: a girl
who is a peasant
2. Compound Adjectives:
1) the compound adjectives coming
from adverbials:
a:
b:
c:
an off-the-cuff opinion
临时想起的意见
round-the-clock discussion
连续24小时的讨论会
on-the-spot observation
d:
the ahead-ofschedule general
election
提前举行的大选
e:
an off-camera
announcer
影屏外的播音员
f: the first onscene attempt to
detect life on Mars
实景考察
2) the compound adjectives coming
from the phrasal verbs:
a: a back-up generator
备用发电机
b: a stand-up collar
竖领
c: a walk-in closet
人可以走进去的大壁橱
d: a see-through shirt
透明的衬衫
3) the compound adjectives coming
from infinitive phrases:
a: take-home pay
b: a cross-border
raid
c: a keep-fit
class（保健班）
4) compound adjectives coming
from the compressed attributive
clauses:
a: an easy-to-paint portrait
b: a difficult-to-operate
machine
c: hard-to-get-at volumes
d: a can't-be-put-down book
e: a never-to-be-forgotten
event
f: his higher-than-average
wages
The women have
outgrown the jumpingonto-the-chair-at -thesight-of -a-mouse era.
3: Compound Verbs:
1)
The common way to form •a
compound verb is by means of
back
-formation.
The
backformation is a process of word
formation by which •a word is
created by dropping the supposed
or imagined affixes:
a: mass-produce: from mass
production
b: window-dress: from windowdressing布置橱窗
c: proof-read: from proof-reader
d:
air-condition:
conditioning
from
air-
e: edit: from editor
f: automate; automation
g: gloom: from goomy
h: greed: from greedy
I: to window-shop: from window-shopping:
look at displays of goods in
store
windows without entering the stores to
buy anything.
j: baby-sit: from
baby-sitting: care
for children,
usually during a
short absence of
the parents.
2) A compound verb can also be
formed by means of analogy:
a: chaindrink: from
chain-smoke
b: bottle-feed:
feed from a
bottle. from
breast -•feed :
feed from •a
mother's breast
From the stylistic point of view:
1. usu. used as colloquialisms:
e.g. a: Don't nit-pick with me.
( find fault with me )
b: He sweet-talked her into
not being so sore.
( coax by flattery )
2. usu. used in news reports:
e.g. After leaving Washington he
job-hopped, serving briefly as
operating vice-president of the
bank.
(job-hop: change jobs frequently)
3. in advertisements:
hand-wash: to wash
by hand
cold
rinse:
to
rinse in the cold
water
warm iron: to iron
with moderate heat
Line dry （一晾就干）
drip-dry（滴干；易快速晾干）
From the viewpoint of
communicative function and
communicative value:
1) humorous:
e.g.
Leave all that out and
remember
only
that
Hugh
Hefiner
is
a
man
who
chain-drinks Pepsis.
2) terse:
a:
Cans are flash-cooked for six
seconds rather than sterilised for 60
minutes.
( flash-cook: to cook by a very
short exposure to intense heat )
b: So far I have press-shown 18 films.
( press-show: show to the press
before public presentation )
3) vivid and impressive
e.g.
He announced a series of
surprise summit meetings that
will have him jet-hopping from
island to island.
( jet-hop: travel from place to
place by jetcraft )