Transcript Present Subjunctive

LATIN II
Subjunctive Mood I
Indicative vs. Subjunctive
• So far we have been using the
indicative mood. It is the mood of fact
and actuality.
• The subjunctive mood is one of
possibility, hypothetical, conditional,
conjecture.
Subnjunctive in English
• Generally, the subjunctive mood is
translated with words like should,
could, would, might, may in English but
the Romans are very specific about its
use.
Latin Subjunctive
• Rather than over compare the Latin
subjunctive to English, it is best to
learn where the Romans prefer the
subjunctive use. This is an area where
Latin and English differ in mood usage.
Latin Subjunctive: tenses
• The subjunctive mood has 4 tenses in
the active and passive voices:
– Present
– Imperfect
– Perfect
– Pluperfect
Latin Subjunctive: tenses
• There is no future or future perfect
subjunctive since the mood itself is
futuristic.
Present Subjunctive
• The present subjunctive is formed by
changing the connecting vowels that
are used in the indicative.
– -are verbs use an -e,
– long -ere verbs use -ea,
– short -ere verbs use an -a, and
– 3rd -io and -ire verbs use an -ia.
Here is an easy way to remember them…
Present Subjunctive
• RULE FOR VOWEL CHANGES IN
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
• Clem steams clams in Miami.
• We fear a liar friar.
– 1st conjugation  vowel changes to -e– 2nd conjugation = -ea– 3rd conjugation = -a– 3rd -io & 4th conjugations = -ia-
Present Subjunctive - amo
• amo, amare (1st conjugation)
– amem
– ames
– amet
– amemus
– ametis
– ament
Present Subjunctive - moneo
• moneo, monēre (2nd conjugation)
– moneam
– moneas
– moneat
– moneamus
– moneatis
– moneant
Present Subjunctive - rego
• rego, regere (3rd conjugation)
– regam
– regas
– regat
– regamus
– regatis
– regant
Present Subjunctive - audio
• audio, audire (4th conjugation)
– audiam
– audias
– audiat
– audiamus
– audiatis
– audiant
Present Subjunctive - sum
• Present subjunctive of sum
– SIM
– SIS
– SIT
– SIMUS
– SITIS
– SINT
Subjunctive – ut clauses
• A common use of the subjunctive in
Latin is the purpose clause. The
purpose for “whatever you do
something” is in the subjunctive. Look
for the Latin word UT to divide the
sentence. See the following example.
Subjunctive – ut clauses
• Purpose Clause
– I eat in order that I may live.
– edo ut vivam.
– An “ut” clause has its verb in the
subjunctive; negative is “ne.”
Subjunctive – ut clauses
• edo ut vivam.
– I eat to live.
– I eat so that I may live
– I eat in order to live.
• The purpose here is to live. You can be
flexible in your English translation.
Sequence of Tenses
• The sequence of tenses tells us about which
verb tense to use in a complex Latin
sentence. A “complex” Latin sentence is one
with (a) a main verb and (b) a dependent (or
subjunctive) verb.
• Which verb tense we use in a complex Latin
sentence depends on whether the action of
the main verb is completed or incomplete.
Sequence of Tenses
• Incomplete action means that the
dependent verb is going on at the same
time as the main verb or after the main
verb.
• Completed action means that the
dependent verb went on before the
main verb.
• Everything we have done so far (Result
and Purpose) shows incomplete action.
Sequence of Tenses
(Make your own copy of this chart!)
Main Verb is…
primary
sequence
secondary
sequence
then the
Subjunctive Verb
is…
then the
Subjunctive Verb
is…
(if Main Verb is
incomplete)
(if Main Verb is
completed)
•Present
•Future
•Future Perfect
•Present
•Perfect
•Imperfect
•Perfect
•Pluperfect
•Imperfect
•Pluperfect
Sequence of Tenses
Here are some examples in English:
– We are coming so that we may help you.
Incomplete action means that the dependent
verb (we may help) is going on at the same
time as the main verb (we are coming) or
after the main verb.
Sequence of Tenses
• We are coming so that we may help
you.
• Present + Present = primary sequence
(incomplete action).
• Have a look at the chart again to check
it.
Sequence of Tenses
(Make your own copy of this chart!)
Main Verb is…
primary
sequence
then the
Subjunctive Verb
is…
(if Main Verb is
incomplete)
(if Main Verb is
completed)
•Present
•Future
•Future Perfect
•Present
•Imperfect
•Perfect
•Pluperfect
•Imperfect
(we are coming)
secondary
sequence
then the
Subjunctive Verb
is…
•Perfect
•(we may help)
•Pluperfect
Sequence of Tenses
Here is an other example in English:
– We were coming so that we might help you.
This time the main verb (we were coming) is
secondary sequence because it happens in the
past. The subjunctive verb (we might help) would
be in the imperfect tense since the action is
incomplete. See if you are reading the chart
correctly.
Sequence of Tenses
(Make your own copy of this chart!)
Main Verb is…
primary
sequence
then the
Subjunctive Verb
is…
then the
Subjunctive Verb
is…
(if Main Verb is
incomplete)
(if Main Verb is
completed)
•Present
•Future
•Future Perfect
•Present
•Perfect
•Imperfect
•Perfect
•Pluperfect
•Imperfect
•Pluperfect
(we were coming)
secondary
sequence
•(we might help)
Sequence of Tenses
• If we understand how the chart works,
we can assume that the Romans knew
what they were doing and move on
from there!
• Valete, Omnes!