Transcript Sarf_Lesson_18

QURANIC GRAMMAR
AS-SARF
“Morphology of the words”
Lesson 18
Lessons from the book
MABADE” ALA’RABIYAH –
basics of Arabic Grammar
RASHEED SHARTOONI
Compiled by: Sheikh Safdar Razi Ali
THE PAST TENSE
• The end letter of a past tense verb is indeclinable (MABNI or
fixed) with:
َ (he hit)
A. A fathah, for example ‫ب‬
َ ‫ض َر‬
B. A Dummah, if it is connected to the wāw plural pronoun, for
َ (they hit)
example ‫ض َربُوا‬
C. A sukūn, if a nominative (SUBJECT) pronoun with a vowel sign is
َ (I hit)
connected to the verb, for example ُ‫ض َربت‬
• The first and the last letter of the three letter past tense are
َ (he hit)
fathahs. For example ‫ب‬
َ ‫ض َر‬
• The second root letter of single triliteral verbs can either have a
َ (he hit) ‫(ک َُر َم‬he
fathah, dummah or kasrah. For example: ‫ب‬
َ ‫ض َر‬
honored) and ‫ع ِل َم‬
َ (he knew)
The glottal stop that is added to the beginning
of the past tense verbs can be
A. A qat‛ (cut) is a glottal stop with a fatha in fourletter verbs. For example: ‫(أکر َم‬he
honored)
َ
B. A wasl (connecting) is a glottal stop with a kasrah in
five and six-letter verb. For example: ‫ق‬
َ َ‫(اِن َطل‬he was
set free)
َ becomes ‫ب‬
• For example: ‫ب‬
َ ‫ض َر‬
ُ ‫ضر‬
ِ َ‫ ي‬then becomes
‫ِضرب‬
ِ ‫يُح‬then becomes
َ ‫أح‬becomes ‫س ُن‬
ِ ‫( ا‬hit) or ‫س َن‬
‫سن‬
ِ ‫( أح‬act well)
Pronouncing the prefix of command
A qat ‛ glottal stop is always pronounced in the
beginning of a sentence,
for example: ‫يار ُج ُل‬
َ ‫أق ِبل‬Accept, oh man.
• and in the middle of a sentence, for example:
• ‫يا َر ُج ُل أق ِبل‬Oh man, accept.)
A was l glottal stop (HAMZA) is pronounced at the
beginning of a sentence, for example:
‫ اِج ِلس يا َر ُج ُل‬Sit, oh man,
• but is not pronounced in the middle of a sentence,
• for example: ‫ يا َر ُج ُل اج ِلس‬Oh man, sit.
The imperative (AMR)
• The imperative verb is used to ask something from the
listener in the present or in the future. For example: ‫( کُن‬be)
and ‫(اُکتُب‬write)
• The imperative is taken from the present tense.
• The prefix letter ‫ي‬-‫ت‬-‫أ‬-‫ ن‬of the present tense must be
replaced by a glottal stop (hamzah ‫(أ‬and the first letter (FAA
‫ (ف‬of the verb should be given SUKOON (no vowel sign).
• For example; ‫ص ُر‬
َ ‫يَن‬ ‫صر‬
ُ ‫اُن‬
• Or TAA of command is added as prefix the word, for
example: ‫( تَتَقَدَّ ُم‬she is preceding) becomes ‫( تَقَدَّم‬precede).
Imperative or command verb
• There are two types of imperatives: imperative by form
and imperative by lām.
• The imperative by form is only used with the second
person in the active voice, for example: ‫اِجت َ ِهد‬
• The imperative by lām is used with everything else in
the active or passive voice,
• for example: ُ‫جتهد‬
ِ ‫ِليُکافإ ال ُم‬
The sign of the prefix glottal stop (‫)أ‬
A. It is given a d ummah if the second root
letter of a three letter verb has a d ummah in
ُ ‫– اُن‬ONZOR
the present tense. For example: ‫ظر‬
(look)
B. It is given a fath ah if it is a four letter verb.
For example: ‫أکرم‬
َ AKRAM (be generous)
C. is given a kasrah in other than these two
cases. For example: ‫ اِعلَم‬E’LUM (know)
َ ‫( اِن‬begin) and ‫اِستَع ِلم‬
and ‫ضرب‬
ِ ِ‫(ا‬hit) and ‫ط ِلق‬
(seek knowledge).
LAAM ALAMR (The imperative LAAM)
• The imperative used for the first or third person has
a special form which is called the imperative by lām
where a JAZIM lām is added to the beginning of the
present tense verb then the LAAM takes a kasrah,
• for example: ‫ضرب‬
ِ َ‫ ِلي‬, ‫( أل ُ َو ِدب‬He must hit, I must
teach manners),
• except if it is after a fā’ or wāw, in this case the
LAAM is given a sakūn,
• for example: ‫( فَلت َ ِطب نفسک‬feel comfortable).
Command verb is MABNI with the SUKOON
The sign of the last letter of an imperative is indeclinable
(MABNI), it does not change. It is indeclinable or fixed with:
A. a sakūn if the last letter is not a weak letter (vowel letter),
for example: ‫صر‬
ُ ‫( اُن‬help) (ONSOR)
B. erasing the weak letter of defective verbs, for example ‫يَرمي‬
becomes ‫ِرم‬
ِ ُ‫ي‬becomes ‫أعط‬
ِ (give)
ِ ‫( ا‬throw) or ‫عطي‬
C. erasing the nūn if the verb (was derived from one of the five
verbs) is connected to the dual alif, the plural wāw or the yā’
personal feminine pronoun, for example: ‫نص َرا‬
ِ ُ ‫( ا‬you two
people help)
D. Fath a; if it is connected to a nūn of emphasis; for example:
‫(اِس َمعَن‬listen!)