Transcript gerund - Atma-StructureIII

To-infinitive
GERUND
To-infinitive + Gerund
• The to-infinitive after a verb often describes a
future event.
• Eg: after hope, expect, promise, want, the
event in the to-infintive comes after the
activity or thought in the main verb:
– I hope to see you next week.
• Gerund describes an activity.
– We enjoyed seeing you last weekend.
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G1- afford / agree
G2 – learn / need
G3 – ask / decide
G4 – promise / refuse
G5 – expect / fail
G6 – tell / want
G7 – hope / wish
G8 – want / decide
afford / agree
• I agree to go to the Beijing trip this
summer holiday.
• I can afford to buy this picture.
• learn / need
• We should learn to do housework.
• Human need to drink water.
Hope / wish
• I hope to meet Beckham in England.
• I wish to fly up high in the sky.
• Want / decide
• I want to do the homework today.
• I decide to buy this book.
Expect / fail
• We expect to pass the English exam.
• We failed to do the homework.
• Tell / want
• He wanted to tell her about his feelings.
Ask / decide
• I asked my mum to go shopping with
me.
• I decided to go hiking this Sunday.
• Promise / refuse
• I promised my mother to finish my
homework by 6pm.
• I refuse to invite Yumiko to my party.
No major difference in meaning
• Some verbs can be followed by either the toinfinitive or the gerund without any major
difference in meaning:
Begin Continue Start
intend
• Mother Teresa started to live/living in the
slums of Calcutta from 1948.
• Though she faced many problems, Mother
Teresa continued to work/working for the
poor.
Gerund (general),
to-infinitive (particular situation)
• Some verbs are generally followed by the
gerund when used in a general sense
• The to-infinitive is often used for a particular
situation.
Love
Like
Hate
Prefer
• (I like swimming) but I don’t like to swim (on
cold days).
The Gerund is formed by adding ‘ing’
to the base form of a verb.
• swim  swimming
• eat
 eating
• run  running
The Gerund can be used –
As a noun
E.g
• Running is my favourite sport. (subject)
• He tried running faster.
(object)
• She was afraid of losing. (object of preposition)
Exercise
1. (swim) _________is a very good form
of exercise.
2. I have some (shop) ______to do this
afternoon.
3. (learn) _________English takes a long
time.
After adjectives + preposition
accustomed to
fond of
successful in
tired of
capable of
afraid of
good at
interested in
E.g
• She is accustomed to training for many hours.
• He is good at running the 200 meters race
Exercise
1. Mary is fond of _______ (sing).
2. The boy soon became accustomed to
_______ (work) hard.
3. Are you afraid of _______ (play) the
exciting electronic games.
4. She is never tired of _______ (talk)
about her clever son.
• G1 – admit
• G2- avoid
• G3 – delay
G4-deny
• G5-enjoy
• G6-finish
• G7 – keep
• G8-mind
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•
•
•
•
•
Admit
My brother admitted breaking the vase.
Avoid
I avoid walking on busy streets.
Delay
The school delayed opening this
morning.
finish
•
•
•
•
•
I finish doing my homework.
Keep
After 4 hours, he keeps standing there.
Mind
Would you mind lending your pen to me.
deny
•
•
•
•
I
I
I
I
deny
deny
deny
deny
that I am not good at singing.
doing a wrong thing
being late to school every day.
talking during the lesson.
• Enjoy
• I enjoy playing computer games.
After verbs
admit
keep
advise
appreciate
understand
can’t help
try
keep
mind
suggest
dislike
finish
enjoy
avoid
forgive
E.g
• John has finished repairing his bicycle.
• They enjoy walking in the evening.
• Mary dislikes swimming in winter.
Exercise
1. He kept ________(run) till the end.
2. She enjoys _______ (run) for
competition.
3. They dislike _______(drive) small cars.
4. He avoided ________(answer) my
question.
5. Would you mind me ________ (smoke)
in this room.
Bare infinitive
• Infinitive form without “to”
1. After modal verbs (should, could,
must..etc), “had better” and “would
rather”
– We should respect people who are selfless
and kind.
– You’d better prepare for the interview as
you’ll be asked lots of questions.
– I’d rather go for a walk.
Bare infinitive – p111
2. After “let” and “make”
–
–
Mother Teresa let the poor die in dignity.
The teacher made him stay behind after school.
3. After
Feel See Watch Notice Hear Listen to
She saw a man enter the room.
I heard the boys quarrel with each other.
Bare infinitive
• Infinitive form without “to”
1. After modal verbs (should, could,
must..etc), “had better” and “would
rather”
– We should respect people who are selfless
and kind.
– You’d better prepare for the interview as
you’ll be asked lots of questions.
– I’d rather go for a walk.
1
2
right
I enjoy to swim.
I
enjoy swimming.
Which is correct ?
right
1
2
I want to study .
I want studying.
Which is correct ?
1
right
2
I finish to eat .
I finish eating.
Which is correct ?
right
1
2
I need to study .
I need studying.
Which is correct ?
right
1
2
I hope to study .
I hope studying.
Which is correct ?
right
1
I stopped to smoke.
2
I stopped smoking.
Which is correct ?
Summary table for
to-infinitive and gerund
To infinitive
Gerund (-ing forms)
1. Use as subject
1. Use as subject
Eg: To smoke is bad for you
Eg: smoking is bad for you.
(more common)
2. To say why we do things 2. After prepositions
(purpose)
(on, in,
before, for, without, after…etc.)
Eg: I got up early to catch
the 7am train.
Eg: you can’t live without
eating
Eg: Thank you for listening.
3. After some verbs
3. After some verbs
Eg: I expect to pass the
Eg: I’ll finish studying in June.
(eg:
expect, afford, want, need, prepare, refuse,
choose, fail, learn, promise, hesitate...etc)
(eg: dislike,
enjoy, practise, mind, avoid, consider, discuss,
finish, keep, miss, suggest, keep, can’t help…etc)
Summary table for
to-infinitive and gerund
To infinitive
4. After some adjectives and
nouns.(adj=easy, happy, glad, nice,
excited, ready, difficult, dangerous ...etc;
noun = work, money to spend, something
to drink, different ways to protect
her.…etc)
Gerund (-ing forms)
4.
Eg:
Eg:
Eg:
After phrasal verbs
I am not good at dancing.
I am not interested in singing.
John will give up smoking.
Eg: She is ready to leave. (adj)
Eg: I am glad to see you. (adj)
Eg: I’ve got work to do.
(n)
5. Some verbs can be
followed by either
gerund or to-infinitive
Eg: I love going to school/
5. eg: begin, continue, hate,
love, start…etc.
Summary table for
to-infinitive and gerund
To infinitive
Gerund (-ing forms)
6. used in general sense (eg:
love, like, hate, prefer..etc)
Eg: I like swimming.
6. Used in particular situations
Eg: I don’t like swimming on cold
days.
* Some words can use both toinfinitive and gerund with the
same meaning. (eg: love, like, begin,
start, intend, continue..etc)
* Some words can use both toinfinitive and gerund with different
meaning. (Eg: remember, try..etc)
7. No + gerund
Eg: No money, no talking.
8. Stop + gerund.
Eg: stop talking, stop writing,
stop walking…etc.