Transcript Unit III Review

Chapters X - XVI
REVIEW
Neuter Words
• Some 2nd declension nouns are neuter
• These words end with –um or –ium in
nominative singular
• These words end with –a for both
nominative and accusative plural (note –
this can be confusing, as we are used to
thinking of an –a ending as singular!!!)
Nouns are listed with 2 parts
• The 1st part listed in the vocabulary is the
nominative singular
• The 2nd part listed is the genitive singular
• The genitive singular is important to know
– It directs us to which declension the noun
belongs to
– It lets us know if the e remains or disappears
in nouns that end with –er in nominative sing.
The Ablative Case
(Ablative of Place FROM which)
• This type of prepositional phrase uses 3
different prepositions (2 of which have 2
forms) to show movement away from a
place. The noun following the preposition
(the object of the preposition) will use an
ablative ending.
• a, ab – from, away from (outside)
• ē, ex – from, out from (inside)
• Dē – from, down from (also means about
or concerning)
The Accusative Case
Place TO Which
• To show that the subject is going ‘to’ a
place, we use the accusative case for the
object of the preposition (the noun that
follows the preposition). This makes
sense, because the place someone is
going ‘receives’ the person who is going
there.
• ad insulam (to the island).
The Vocative Case
• The Vocative Case ending is used to call
or address someone (voco means call!)
• For the vocative form of most nouns, we
just use the nominative form. There are 2
exceptions:
– Nouns that end with –us will change to –e
(Marce – pronounced mark – uh)
– Nouns that end with –ius will change to ī
(Julius become Juli – pronounced jule - ee
Noun-Adjective Agreement
• What is the Adjective Rule?
• Does our rule say ‘agree’ or ‘match’?
• While most of the time, the endings do
match, there are times the endings do not
look the same.
– Masculine nouns in the 1st declension
(agricola, nauta, poeta – nautae boni, agricola
bonus)
– 2nd declension nouns ending with –r or –er
(puer parvus, vir barbarus, equus pulcher)
Nouns ending with –r or -er
• Nouns are listed with 2 parts. The 1st part
is the nominative singular, which is the
only place these nouns will end with –r or
–er.
– The 2nd part of the noun shows if the –eremains or disappears throughout the
declension of the noun. The 2nd part is
genitive singular (the 1st part is nominative
singular).
Adjectives Ending with –er
• There are also adjectives which end with –
er in the masculine singular.
• Adjectives are listed in vocabulary in this
order: masculine, feminine, neuter
– The feminine and neuter forms show if the –eremains or disappears in all the other places
of the declension.
2nd Conjugation Verbs
• Stem vowel of 2nd conjugation verbs is ē.
– Present stem is formed by removing the –re
ending from the 2nd principal part
The Perfect Tense
• The perfect stem is formed by removing
the –i ending from the 3rd principal part.
• To conjugate in the perfect tense, add the
perfect endings to the perfect stem.
• -i
• -isti
• -it
-imus
-istis
-erunt
• Translate by using the past tense or
helping verbs has, have, did.
Present Tense – ‘To Be’
• An irregular verb. The stem changes,
although the endings are the same as the
verb chart, if you remember that both –m
and –o are often endings for 1st per. sing.
• P.P – sum, esse, fui, futurus
sum
sumus
es
estis
est
sunt
(est can mean is, it is, or there is and sunt can
mean are, there are or they are)
Sentence Analysis
• Labeling parts of the sentence is very
helpful.
• Following translation tips is essential!!!