Transcript Document

USE OF GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
SUBJECT GERUND
‘Flying aeroplanes
could be dangerous’
REDUCTION OF THE
ADVERB CLAUSE
‘Not knowing what to do, I… ’
DEFINING THE WHOLE
ACTION
‘She sat there, waiting’
IT + ADJECTIVE + TO
IN SUBJECT POSITION
‘It is dangerous to
fly aeroplanes’
USING A POSSESSIVE
‘I was surprised by his going.’
‘His going surprised me.’
REDUCTION OF THE
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
‘The man living next-door is...’
IT + ADJECTIVE OF ☻ TO
‘It was stupid of you to let
others use you.’
BARE INFINITIVE AFTER
A PASSIVE PREDICATE
‘The castle
is said to be haunted.’
PASSIVE GERUND
VERBS OF PERCEPTION
‘I saw her crying.’
I saw her cry.’
PERFECT INFINITIVE AFTER
A PASSIVE PREDICATE
‘Picasso is believed to
have been a genius.’
PASSIVE INFINITIVE
CAUSATIVE VERBS
Have / get sth done
Get ☻ to do sth
Be made to do, Make ☻ do sth
PAST INFINITIVE
TOO adj. TOO
NOT ENOUGH adj. TO
‘It was too hot to drink’
‘It wasn’t cold enough to drink’’
SUBJECT GERUND
HOME PAGE
It is possible to convert the first
sentence into a Gerund
HMM,
WHAT…
Phrase
and use
it as a subject
in the next sentence in place of
IS DANGEROUS?
‘THIS’
PEOPLE FLY
AEROPLANES.
THIS
THE SUBJECT
THIS
AND
The subject
pronoun
‘THIS’ stands
for the
previous
sentence,
‘PEOPLE FLY
AEROPLANES
’
IS DANGEROUS
PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVE
BE + ADJ
IS DANGEROUS.
SUBJECT GERUND
HOME PAGE
It is possible to convert the first
sentence into a Gerund
Phrase and use it as a subject
in the next sentence in place of
‘THIS’
PEOPLE FLY
AEROPLANES.
THIS
THE SUBJECT
This is possible
in two ways.
NOW CLICK
TWICE!
THIS
IS DANGEROUS
PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVE
BE + ADJ
IS DANGEROUS.
SUBJECT GERUND
DON’T YOU
AGREE?!
HOME PAGE
PEOPLE FLYING
FLY
FLYING AEROPLANES
AEROPLANES.
If the subject in the first clause
denotes a general group,…
…OMIT the subject,...
… and ADD a gerund.
The Phrase ‘FLYING
AEROPLANES’ is ready to be
used as a Gerund Subject
in the second clause.
THIS
Now CLICK
and
REPLACE
‘THIS’ with
the new
Gerund
Subject.
IS DANGEROUS.
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use of ‘Gerunds
and Infinitives’.
IT + INFINITIVE
AS THE SUBJECT
PEOPLE FLY
AEROPLANES
If the subject in the first clause
denotes a general group,…
THIS
THE SUBJECT
PRONOUN
‘THIS’ STANDS
FOR THE
FIRST
CLAUSE
THERE IS YET
ANOTHER WAY TO
USE A SENTENCE IN
THE SUBJECT
POSITION
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IT IS DANGEROUS TO
PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVE
BE + ADJ
…and if there is a predicative
adjective in the second
clause,…
IT IS DANGEROUS TO FLY AEROPLANES
…OMIT the subject,...
… and LINK the remaining
predicate ‘FLY AEROPLANES’ to
the predicative adjective with
‘TO’..
…START the predicative
adjective with ‘IT’
IT + INFINITIVE
AS THE SUBJECT
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CLICK TO SEE THE RULE
IT IS
ADJECTIVE
TO
IT IS
CLEVER
TO
SAVE SOME MONEY
IT IS
STUPID
NOT TO
SAVE SOME MONEY
IT IS
EXCITING
TO
VISIT OTHER COUNTRIES
IT IS
BORING
NOT TO
BE ABLE TO TRAVEL
IT IS
REASONABLE
TO
EAT IN MODERATION
IT IS
UNREASONABLE
NOT TO
EAT IN MODERATION
EVENT
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to link to another
use of ‘Gerunds
and Infinitives’.
IT + INFINITIVE
AS THE SUBJECT
HOME PAGE
CLICK TO SEE THE RULE
IT IS
ADJECTIVE OF ☻ TO
EVENT
IT WAS
CONSIDERATE
OF HIM TO
HELP US DO THE WORK
IT WAS
INCONSIDERATE
OF HIM NOT TO
HELP US DO THE WORK
IT WAS
STUPID
OF US TO
WAIT OUTSIDE
IT WAS
STUPID
OF US NOT TO
WAIT INDOORS
IT WAS
FUNNY
OF ME TO
WEAR THE SHIRT INSIDE OUT
IT WAS
FUNNY
OF ME NOT TO
WEAR THE T-SHIRT PROPERLY
SENTENCE
TRANSFORMATION
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
SUBJECT GERUND, IT + INFINITIVE
HOME PAGE
Click
for acome
sentence
transformation
exercise.
She didn’t
on time,
which was irresponsible.
Use the key word that appears on the right to complete the sentence
HER
It was
irresponsible
of her
to come late.
with
a maximum
of 4 other
words.
It is crucial if you are in the right place and at the right time.
Being in the right place
and in the right time is crucial.
There is no point in going on discussing this issue.
It is pointless to go on discussing this topic.
People need to develop effective listening skills.
Developing effective listening skills is necessary.
You danced in women’s garments, which was very funny.
It was funny of you
to dance in women’s clothes.
PLACE
IT
SKILLS
IT
SUBJECT GERUND
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use of ‘Gerunds
and Infinitives’.
VERBS OF PERCEPTION
SEE......................................................
HEAR STH HAPPEN
FEEL....................................................
SEE.................................................................
HEAR STH HAPPENING
FEEL..............................................................
You witness the whole
You witness only a part of
action.
the whole action.
A
I HEARD THEM SPEAKING
ABOUT YOU
B
B
I HEARD THEM SPEAK
ABOUT YOU
A
THEN, THEY WENT SOMEWHERE ELSE
TO GOSSIP
A
TESS HAD SEEN HER
BOYFRIEND KISS A GIRL
A
JUST BEFORE HE PHONED TO TELL HER
HE WAS TOO ILL TO GO OUT THAT DAY
B
AND I BELIEVE I MUST TELL YOU WHAT
IT WAS ALL ABOUT
Click and match!
Click and match!
TESS SAW HER BOYFRIEND
KISSING A GIRL
B
WHEN SHE ENTERED THE ROOM TO SAY
‘SURPRISE’
SENTENCE
TRANSFORMATION
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSE
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forshe
a sentence
transformation
exercise.
Because
was crying,
we stopped minding
our own business.
Use the key word that appears on the right to complete the sentence
WE
stopped to look at her.
Whena we
saw herofcrying
with
maximum
4 otherwe
words.
We watched the train until it disappeared in the skyline.
We watched the train disappear
WE
in the horizon.
I saw a man who slipped a secret note in the president’s pocket.
I saw a man slip a secret note in the president’s pocket.
NOTE
When I woke, my mother’s snoring was audible.
When I woke I
heard mum snoring.
I was unable to sleep as mum kept snoring until the crack of dawn.
I heard mum snore
the night out.
MUM
I
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSE
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to link to another
use of ‘Gerunds
and Infinitives’.
HOME PAGE
IT + INFINITIVE
AS THE SUBJECT
CLICK TO ANIMATED
SEE MORERULE
EXAMPLES
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IT IS
TOO
ADJECTIVE
TO
EVENT
IT IS
TOO
DANGEROUS
TO
APPROACH
IT IS
NOT
IT IS
NOT
ADJECTIVE ENOUGH
TO
EVENT
ENOUGH
TO
APPROACH
SAFE
IT + INFINITIVE
AS THE SUBJECT
HOME PAGE
IT IS
TOO
ADJECTIVE
TO
EVENT
IT IS
NOT
ADJECTIVE ENOUGH
TO
EVENT
TO
REACH
ENOUGH TO
REACH
IT IS
TOO
FAR
IT IS
NOT
CLOSE
CLICK TO SEE MORE EXAMPLES
IT IS
TOO
COMPLICATED
IT IS
NOT
SIMPLE
TO
SOLVE
ENOUGH TO
SOLVE
IT + INFINITIVE
AS THE SUBJECT
CLICK TO ANIMATED
SEE MORERULE
EXAMPLES
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☻
TO
EVENT
FOR Jim
TO
BUY
IT IS
TOO
ADJECTIVE
IT IS
TOO
COSTLY
IT IS
NOT
ADJECTIVE
ENOUGH
FOR
☻
TO
EVENT
IT IS
NOT
CHEAP
ENOUGH
FOR Jim
TO
BUY
FOR
IT + INFINITIVE
AS THE SUBJECT
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IT IS
TOO
ADJECTIVE
IT IS
NOT
ADJECTIVE
SHE IS TOO
STUBBORN
SHE IS NOT
LENIENT
ENOUGH
ENOUGH
FOR
☻
TO
EVENT
FOR
☻
TO
EVENT
FOR US
TO
CONVINCE
FOR US
TO
CONVINCE
CLICK TO SEE MORE EXAMPLES
I AM
TOO
BAD
I AM
NOT
GOOD
FOR YOU
TO
BE A FRIEND
ENOUGH FOR YOU
TO
BE A FRIEND
SENTENCE
TRANSFORMATION
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
IT + INFINITIVE
HOME PAGE
Click
a sentence
transformation
exercise.
It wasfor
such
fine weather
that he couldn’t
stay indoors.
Use the key word that appears on the right to complete the sentence
GOOD
was
goodwords.
to stay indoors.
The weather
with
a maximum
oftoo
4 other
The flight was so bumpy that the baby couldn’t sleep.
The flight was not smooth enough for the baby to sleep.
SMOOTH
My essay was so incoherent that the teacher couldn’t understand it.
My essay was too incoherent for the teacher to understand.
The steak was so tough that the old man couldn’t chew it.
The steak was not tender enough for the old man to chew.
The food was so delicious that Carol couldn’t stop eating.
The food was too yummy for Carol to
stop.
TOO
NOT
YUMMY
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
SUBJECT GERUND, IT + INFINITIVE
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to link to another
use of ‘Gerunds
and Infinitives’.
HOME PAGE
REDUCTION OF THE ADVERB CLAUSE
AFTER
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AFTER
DOING
REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSE
THE REDUCTION OF THE SUBJECT AND THE
TRANSFORMATION OF THE VERB TENSE INTO
THE GERUND FORM CHANGE THE ADVERB
CLAUSE INTO A MODIFYING PHRASE
(MODIFYING PHRASE)
RAC
After checking if all the windows were shut,
I left the house.
Main
The subjects of both the RAC and the MC must be
Who checked all the windows in the RAC?
the same so the subject in the RAC can be omitted.
Clause (MC)
FULL FORM
(ADVERB CLAUSE)
After I HAD checkED if all the windows were
shut, I left the house.
CHANGES
Omit the tense of the verb. Put it in Gerund (+ing) form
After I had checked... → After checking...
Omit the Subject in the RAC
After I had checked... → After checking...
CONVERSION PRACTICE
AFTER
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Smith
TRANSFORMATION
After
Smith
had
listened
listen
listening
to
her,
ADD A OF
GERUND!
OMIT THE SUBJECT! OMIT THE TENSE
THE VERB!
he
could
better
understand
why
MAKE THE SUBJECT OF THE MAIN CLAUSE DEFINITE!
she
had
behaved
so.
After Smith had listened to her, he could better understand
why she had behaved so.
After listening to her, Smith could better understand why she
had behaved so.
REDUCTION OF THE ADVERB CLAUSE
BEFORE
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BEFORE
THE REDUCTION OF THE SUBJECT AND THE
TRANSFORMATION OF THE VERB TENSE INTO
THE GERUND FORM CHANGE THE ADVERB
CLAUSE INTO A MODIFYING PHRASE
DOING
REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSE
Before leaving the house,
(MODIFYING PHRASE)
RAC
The subjects of both the RAC and the MC must be
Whosoleft
the house
thecan
RAC?
the same
the subject
in thein
RAC
be omitted.
I had checked if all the windows were shut.
Main
FULL FORM
Clause
(MC)
(ADVERB CLAUSE)
Before I leFT the house, I had checked if all the
windows were shut.
CHANGES
Omit the tense of the verb. Put it in Gerund (+ing) form
Before I left → Before leaving...
Omit the Subject in the RAC
Before I left... → Before leaving...
CONVERSION PRACTICE
BEFORE
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Smith
TRANSFORMATION
Before
why
Smith
OMIT THE SUBJECT!
could
understand
understanding
understand
A GERUND!
OMIT THE TENSEADD
OF THE
VERB!
MAKE THE SUBJECT
MAIN CLAUSE DEFINITE!
she
had OF THE
behaved
that
had
listened
to
her
way,
twice.
Before Smith could understand why she had behaved that way,
he had listened to her.
Before understanding why she had behaved so, Smith had
listened to her twice.
he
REDUCTION OF THE ADVERB CLAUSE
BECAUSE
HOME PAGE
BECAUSE
THE SUBJECT OF THE ADVERB CLAUSE DROPS
WITH THE ADVERB ‘BECAUSE’, AND THE VERB
TENSE ALTERS INTO A GERUND TO REDUCE
THE ADVERB CLAUSE TO A MODIFYING CLAUSE.
DOING
REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSE
(MODIFYING PHRASE)
NOT waning to offend him,
RAC
The subjects of both the RAC and the
Who didn’t want to
MC must be the same so the subject in
offendthe
him
incan
thebeRAC?
RAC
omitted.
Amber weighed her words carefully.
Main
Clause
FULL FORM
(MC)
(ADVERB CLAUSE)
BECAUSE Amber DIDn’t want to offend him, SHE
weighed her words carefully.
CHANGES
Omit the tense of the verb. Put it in Gerund (+ing) form
Because Amber didn’t want to... → NOT wanting to...
Omit the Subject and the adverb ‘BECAUSE’ in the RAC
Because Amber didn’t want to..., she... → Not wanting to..., Amber...
CONVERSION PRACTICE
BECAUSE
Because
Janet
TRANSFORMATION
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Janet Having
had
nowhere
have
to
go,
OMIT BECAUSE!
OMIT THE
OMIT
SUBJECT!
THE
ADDTENSE
A GERUND!
OF THE VERB!
she
spent
the
whole
night
in
MAKE THE SUBJECT OF THE MAIN CLAUSE DEFINITE!
abandoned
car.
Because Janet had nowhere to go, she spent the night in an
abandoned car.
Having nowhere to go, Janet spent the night in an abandoned
car.
an
CONVERSION PRACTICE
BECAUSE
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CLICK TO SEE THE
Janet
TRANSFORMATION
Because
Janet
didn’t
Not
not having
have
anywhere
OMIT BECAUSE!
OMIT THE
OMIT
SUBJECT!
THE
ADDTENSE
A GERUND!
OF THE VERB!
go,
she
spent
the
night
in
an
MAKE THE SUBJECT OF THE MAIN CLAUSE DEFINITE!
abandoned
car.
Because Janet didn’t have anywhere to go, she spent the night
in an abandoned car.
Not having anywhere to go, Janet spent the night in an
abandoned car.
to
CONVERSION PRACTICE
BECAUSE
HOME PAGE
CLICK TO SEE THE
TRANSFORMATION
Craig
Because
Craig
is
a
Being
be
snob,
he
looks
OMIT BECAUSE!
OMIT OMIT
THE SUBJECT!
THE
MAKE
ADD
TENSE
A
THE
GERUND!
OF
SUBJECT
THE PREDICATE!
OF THE MAIN CLAUSE DEFINITE!
down
on
other
people.
Because Craig is a snob, he looks down on other people.
Being a snob, Craig looks down on other people.
CONVERSION PRACTICE
BECAUSE
Because
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TRANSFORMATION
Hugh
Hugh
was
asked
Being
be
a
most
THEADD
TENSE
A GERUND!
OF THE PREDICATE!
OMIT BECAUSE!OMIT THEOMIT
SUBJECT!
inappropriate
question,
he
was
at
MAKE THE SUBJECT OF THE MAIN CLAUSE DEFINITE!
a
loss
for
words.
Because Hugh was asked a most inappropriate question, he
was at a loss for words.
Being asked a most inappropriate question, Hugh was at a loss
for words.
REDUCTION OF THE ADVERB CLAUSE
SINCE
HOME PAGE
SINCE
THE REDUCTION OF THE SUBJECT AND THE
TRANSFORMATION OF THE VERB TENSE INTO
THE GERUND FORM CHANGE THE ADVERB
CLAUSE INTO A MODIFYING PHRASE
DOING
REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSE
(MODIFYING PHRASE)
Since moving to the big city,
RAC
TheWho
subjects
of both
moved
to the
theRAC and the MC
must be the same so the subject in the
big city the RAC?
RAC can be omitted.
Heather has made many new friends.
Main
Clause
FULL FORM
(MC)
(ADVERB CLAUSE)
Since she movED to the big city, HEATHER has
made many new friends.
CHANGES
Omit the tense of the verb. Put it in Gerund (+ing) form
Since she moved... → Since moving...
Omit the Subject in the RAC
Since she moved... → Since moving...
CONVERSION PRACTICE
SINCE
HOME PAGE
Cheryl
CLICK TO SEE THE
TRANSFORMATION
Since
Cheryl
met
meeting
meet
him,
she
has
MAKE
SUBJECT
OF THE MAIN CLAUSE DEFINITE!
OMIT THE
OMIT
SUBJECT!
THE
ADDTENSE
ATHE
GERUND!
OF THE VERB!
changed
beyond
recognition.
Since Cheryl met him, she has changed beyond compare.
Since meeting him, Cheryl has changed beyond compare.
REDUCTION OF THE ADVERB CLAUSE
WHILE
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WHILE
THE REDUCTION OF THE SUBJECT AND THE
TRANSFORMATION OF THE VERB TENSE INTO
THE GERUND FORM CHANGE THE ADVERB
CLAUSE INTO A MODIFYING PHRASE
DOING
REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSE
While
f ishing,
.
The subjects
of both
the RAC
MC must be
Who was
fishing
in and
thethe
RAC?
the same so the subject in the RAC can be omitted.
FULL FORM
(MODIFYING PHRASE)
Tom
Main
f ell
RAC
asleep
Clause (MC)
(ADVERB CLAUSE)
While Tom WAS fishing, he fell asleep.
Omit the tense of the verb. Put it in Gerund (+ing) form
CHANGES
While Tom was fishing... → While fishing...
Omit the Subject in the RAC and make it definite in the MC
While Tom was fishing..., he... → While fishing..., Tom...
CONVERSION PRACTICE
WHILE
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Chantal
CLICK TO SEE THE
TRANSFORMATION
While
Chantal
was
daydreaming
daydreaming
daydream
in
OMIT THE
OMIT
SUBJECT!
THE
ADDTENSE
A GERUND!
OF THE VERB!
class,
she
fell
asleep.
MAKE THE SUBJECT OF THE MAIN CLAUSE DEFINITE!
While Chantal was daydreaming in class, she fell asleep.
While daydreaming in class, Chantal fell asleep.
SENTENCE
TRANSFORMATION
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSE
HOME PAGE
Click
for a sentence
transformation
exercise.
He prayed,
and then he
asked her for a
dance.
Use the key word that appears on the right to complete the sentence
HER
before
He prayed
for a dance.
with
a maximum
ofasking
4 otherher
words.
Because Wilma was a working mother, she was so busy.
Being a working mother,
Wilma was so busy.
The child was flipping through the pages, when he found the note.
The child found the note while flipping through the pages.
Carla panicked in the exam because she didn’t have enough time.
Not having enough time,
Carla panicked in the exam.
Hilary has been unable to sleep since she unearthed the secret.
Since unearthing the secret
Hilary’s been sleepless.
A
THE
NOT
THE
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSE
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use of ‘Gerunds
and Infinitives’.
HOME PAGE
POSSESSIVES MODIFYING A GERUND
IN SUBJECT POSITION
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S E N T E N C E
JOHN
MOVED
TO
O R D E R
A
NEXT SENTENCE
THIS
SURPRISED US
VILLAGE
CONVERSION INTO NOUN CLAUSE
JOHN’S
JOHN
Subject+’s
MOVED
MOVING
Verb+ing
TO
A
S E N T E N C E
JOHN’S
S
U
MOVING
B
TO
J
A
E
VILLAGE
CLICK!
O R D E R
VILLAGE
C
SURPRISED US
T
POSSESSIVES MODIFYING A GERUND
IN SUBJECT POSITION
HOME PAGE
S E N T E N C E
TRACY
HAS
HANDED
IN
O R D E R
HER
NEXT SENTENCE
RESIGNATION
EVERYONE IS
TALKING ABOUT
THIS
CONVERSION INTO NOUN CLAUSE
TRACY
TRACY’SHAS HANDING
HANDED
Verb+ing
Subject+’s
IN
HER
RESIGNATION
S E N T E N C E
EVERYONE
EVERYONE IS
IS
TALKING ABOUT
TRACY’S
O
O R D E R
HANDING
B
CLICK!
J
IN
HER
E
RESIGNATION
C
T
SENTENCE
TRANSFORMATION
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
POSSESSIVES MODIFYING A GERUND
HOME PAGE
Click
sentence
exercise.
Paula for
leftaTommy,
andtransformation
this has scathed
him.
Use the key word that appears on the right to complete the sentence
HAS
Paula’s
leaving of
Tommy
has
hurt him deeply.
with
a maximum
4 other
words.
We were outraged by the fact that Velma had betrayed us.
Velma's betraying us shocked
everyone.
He keeps insulting everyone, which is inexcusable.
We can’t excuse his insulting everyone.
Laureen got admitted to Harvard, and we celebrated this.
We celebrated Laureen’s getting admitted to Harvard.
Zach keeps bunking off work, which is intolerable.
We can’t tolerate Zach’s bunking off work
all the time.
SHOCKED
HIS
GETTING
OFF
POSSESSIVES MODIFYING A GERUND
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and Infinitives’.
CAUSATIVE VERBS
WITH ZERO INFINITIVE
MAKE ☻ DO sth
TO FORCE SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING
AGAINST THEIR WILL
HAVE ☻ DO sth
TO PERSUADE sb
TO DO sth
GET ☻ TO DO sth
TO PAY AND ASK
sb TO DO sth
TO PERSUADE SOMEONE TO DO
SOMETHING AFTER SOME DIFFICULTY
A
It was not easy, but Tim’s mother,
at last, saw a point in buying him a
motorbike.
B
TIM HAD HIS MOTHER BUY HIM A
MOTOTORBIKE.
B
Tim gave his mom a reason to buy
him a motorbike, and she said yes.
C
TIM MADE HIS MOTHER BUY HIM A
MOTOTORBIKE.
C
Tim was so hard on his mother that
she had to buy that motorbike.
A
TIM GOT HIS MOTHER TO BUY HIM A
MOTOTORBIKE.
She wanted him to stay longer, but she couldn’t bend him to her will.
She couldn’t have him stay longer.
HAVE
SENTENCE
TRANSFORMATION
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
CAUSATIVE VERBS
WITH ZERO INFINITIVE
HOME PAGE
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for forced
a sentence
transformation
exercise.
We were
to walk
barefoot all the
way.
Use the key word that appears on the right to complete the sentence
US
us walk
They amade
all the way.
with
maximum
of 4 barefoot
other words.
The teacher failed to achieve silence in the classroom.
The teacher couldn’t
get the students to be
silent.
Zoey will call an electrician to repair the damage
Zoey will have an electrician repair the damage.
You can’t influence me to play truant again.
You can’t get me to play truant
again.
BE
REPAIR
TO
Even a faintest smile of hers would be enough for us to do what she wanted.
She could have us do what she
wanted even with a smallest smile. US
CAUSATIVE VERBS
GET sth DONE
TO MANAGE SOMETHING OFTEN
DIFFICULT
HAVE sth DONE
TO SUFFER FROM SOMETHING
UNFORTUNATE
MATCHING
TO HAVE SOMEONE
DO SOMETHING
FOR YOU
CAUSATIVE SENTENCE
A
My arm got broken.
B
GET STH DONE
I’VE GOT THE REPORT FINISHED
B
Phew! I’ve finished
the report.
C
HAVE STH DONE
GET STH DONE
I HAD / GOT THE CAR REPAIRED
C
I had somebody
repair the car.
A
HAVE STH DONE
I HAD MY ARM BROKEN
Someone is cutting her hair at the moment.
She is having her hair cut
right now.
CUT
SENTENCE
TRANSFORMATION
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
CAUSATIVE VERBS
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forisataking
sentence
transformation
A tailor
in her
dresses aroundexercise.
the waist now.
Use the key word that appears on the right to complete the sentence
HER
having
getting
Presently,
she is of 4 other
/
her dresses taken in.
with
a maximum
words.
Have you finished decorating the new house?
Have you got the new house decorated?
I wonder when you will go to a dentist to check your teeth.
I wonder when you will
have
/
get
your teeth checked.
His ankle was badly sprained while playing football.
He had his ankle badly sprained
during a game of football.
Somebody broke into the garage yesterday.
We had the garage broken into yesterday.
THE
REPAIR
BADLY
THE
CAUSATIVE VERBS
HOME PAGE
Return to the home page
to link to another
use of ‘Gerunds
and Infinitives’.
BARE INFINITIVE AFTER THE PASSIVE VOICE
S
E
N
T
E
N
PEOPLE
SAY
SUBJECT
VERB
C
E
-A-
S
SOMETHING
B
REPLACES
N
CAROL
OBJECT
SENTENCE
E
OBJECT
E
LOVES
O
THE
T
B
N
HER
J
OF
C
E
E
PROFESSION
C
SENTENCE
-B-
T
A
►
THE SUBJECT OF SENTENCE B CAN BE USED AS THE OBJECT OF SENTENCE A IN THE PASSIVE VOICE ►
PEOPLE
SAY
CAROL
CAROL
SOMETHING
P A S S I V E VOICE
OBJECT + BE + V3
TO
infinitive
O
LOVES
B
J
HER
E
PROFESSION
C
T
BARE INFINITIVE
CAROL
CAROL
IS
SAID
PRESENT
THE INFINITIVE OBJECT
TO
LOVE
HER
PROFESSION
PRESENT
IS LINKED TO THE PASSIVE PREDICATE SENTENCE A WITH ‘TO’ IF THERE IS
AGREEMENT OF TIME ON BOTH SIDES
PRESENT...................................................................................PRESENT
PAST...............................................................................................PAST
SENTENCE B
BARE INFINITIVE AFTER THE PASSIVE VOICE
S
E
N
T
E
PEOPLE
SAY
SUBJECT
VERB
N
C
E
S
SOMETHING
P A S S I V E VOICE
OBJECT + BE + V3
CAROL
-A-
IS
SAID
E
N
CAROL
TO
infinitive
TO
T
LOVES
LOVE
People think that the manager has a terrible secret.
The manager is believed to have a terrible secret.
Irene is thought to be planning to leave.
THE INFINITIVE OBJECT
N
C
HER
E
-B-
PROFESSION
BARE INFINITIVE
PRESENT
People think that Irene is planning to leave.
E
HER
PROFESSION
PRESENT
BELIEVED
BE
IS LINKED TO THE PASSIVE PREDICATE SENTENCE A WITH ‘TO’ IF THERE IS
AGREEMENT OF TIME ON BOTH SIDES
PRESENT...................................................................................PRESENT
PAST...............................................................................................PAST
SENTENCE B
BARE INFINITIVE AFTER THE PASSIVE VOICE
present - TO - present
present - TO - future
past - TO - past
TO
P
IT
SUBJECT
R
E
S
E
IS
V
N
T
P
SAID
E
R
B
B
J
E
S
E
SHE BE
IS A
SHE
THAT
O
R
E
C
T
C
L
A
N
T
SPY
U
S
E
1►
Broken Object: The subject in the object clauseshe replaces the subject of the sentenceit
2►
Broken Object Connector: The infinitive ‘TO’ replaces THAT
3►
Bare Infinitive: The verb is used in the base form after the infinitive ‘TO’
It is believed that the sales will drop dramatically.
The sales are believed to drop
dramatically.
It is thought that urbanization poses a great threat to the nature.
Urbanization is thought to pose
a big threat to the nature.
ARE
IS
BARE INFINITIVE AFTER THE PASSIVE VOICE
S
E
N
T
PEOPLE
E
N
C
BELIEVED
SUBJECT
E
-A-
S
SOMETHING
SOMETHING
E
KATE
N
T
HAD
E
N
C
E
SUPERNATURAL
-B-
POWERS
VERB
OBJECT
SENTENCE
B
REPLACES
O
THE
OBJECT
B
J
OF
E
C
SENTENCE
A
T
►
SENTENCE B CAN BE USED AS THE OBJECT OF SENTENCE A IN THE PASSIVE VOICE
PEOPLE
BELIEVED
KATE
KATE
SOMETHING
O
P A S S I V E VOICE
OBJECT + BE + V3
HAD
B
SUPERNATURAL
J
E
►
POWERS
C
T
TO
infinitive
BARE INFINITIVE
TO
HAVE SUPERPOWERS
KATE
KATE
WAS
P
A
BELIEVED
S
THE INFINITIVE OBJECT
T
P
A
S
T
IS LINKED TO THE PASSIVE PREDICATE SENTENCE A WITH ‘TO’ IF THERE IS
AGREEMENT OF TIME ON BOTH SIDES
PRESENT...................................................................................PRESENT
PAST...............................................................................................PAST
SENTENCE B
BARE INFINITIVE AFTER THE PASSIVE VOICE
S
E
N
T
E
N
PEOPLE
BELIEVED
SUBJECT
VERB
C
E
OBJECT + BE + V3
WAS
P
A
BELIEVED
S
S
SOMETHING
SOMETHING
P A S S I V E VOICE
KATE
-A-
E
N
T
E
N
C
E
KATE
CAROLHADLOVES
SUPERNATURAL
HER
PROFESSION
POWERS
TO
infinitive
BARE INFINITIVE
TO
HAVE SUPERPOWERS
T
P
A
S
T
People claimed that he possessed a terrible secret.
He was claimed to possess a terrible secret.
People acknowledged that he was a great authority in his field.
He was acknowledged to be a great authority in his field.
THE INFINITIVE OBJECT
-B-
POSSES
BE
IS LINKED TO THE PASSIVE PREDICATE SENTENCE A WITH ‘TO’ IF THERE IS
AGREEMENT OF TIME ON BOTH SIDES
PRESENT...................................................................................PRESENT
PAST...............................................................................................PAST
SENTENCE B
BARE INFINITIVE AFTER THE PASSIVE VOICE
present - TO - present
present - TO - future
past - TO - past
TO
P
IT
SUBJECT
A
S
WAS
V
E
T
P
SAID
R
B
B
J
S
AMY HATED
Amy
HATE
THAT
O
A
E
C
T
C
L
T
CHILDREN
A
U
S
E
1►
Broken Object: The subject in the object clauseAmy replaces the subject of the sentenceit
2►
Broken Object Connector: The infinitive ‘TO’ replaces THAT
3►
Bare Infinitive: The verb is used in the base form after the infinitive ‘TO’
It was said that Tom had an embarrassing secret.
Tom was said to have a
skeleton in the cupboard.
It was thought that Jim didn’t trust anyone.
Jim was thought to trust no one.
WAS
WAS
BARE INFINITIVE AFTER THE PASSIVE VOICE
present - TO - present
present - TO - future
past - TO - past
TO
P
IT
SUBJECT
R
E
IS
S
E
N
T
F
BELIEVED
V
E
R
B
B
J
T
U
R
E
MARRY NO ONE
TOM WILL
MARRY
THAT
O
U
E
C
T
C
L
A
U
S
E
1►
Broken Object: The subject in the object clauseTom replaces the subject of the sentenceit
2►
Broken Object Connector: The infinitive ‘TO’ replaces THAT
3►
Bare Infinitive: The verb is used in the base form after the infinitive ‘TO’
It is said that Phil will move to another country next year.
IS
Phil is said to move to another country next year.
It is believed that rising corbondioxide levels will cause calamities.
Rising carbondioxide levels
ARE
are believed to cause calamities soon.
BARE INFINITIVE AFTER THE PASSIVE VOICE
HOME PAGE
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use of ‘Gerunds
and Infinitives’.
‘TO HAVE’
PERFECT INFINITIVE AFTER THE PASSIVE VOICE
S
E
N
T
PEOPLE
E
N
C
SAY
SUBJECT
E
-A-
S
SOMETHING
E
N
T
SHAKESPEARE
E
N
C
INVENTED
E
-B-
NEW WORDS
VERB
OBJECT
SENTENCE
B
REPLACES
O
THE
OBJECT
B
J
OF
E
C
SENTENCE
T
A
►
SENTENCE B CAN BE USED AS THE OBJECT OF SENTENCE A IN THE PASSIVE VOICE
PEOPLE
SAY
SOMETHING
SHAKESPEARE
O
P A S S I V E VOICE
OBJECT + BE + V3
SHAKESPEARE
SHAKESPEARE
P
R
E
S
E
IS
N
SAID
T
‘T O H A V E’
Perfect
infinitive
TO HAVE
B
INVENTED
J
►
NEW WORDS
E
C
T
PAST PARTICIPLE
INVENTED
P
NEW
A
THE PERFECT INFINITIVE OBJECT SENTENCE B IS LINKED TO THE PASSIVE PREDICATE
‘TO HAVE’ IF SENTENCE B IS ONE DEGREE FURTHER BACK IN TIME
PRESENT.............................................................................PAST
PRESENT......................................................PRESENT PERFECT
PAST....................................................................PAST PERFECT
S
WORDS
T
SENTENCE A
WITH
‘TO HAVE’
PERFECT INFINITIVE AFTER THE PASSIVE VOICE
S
E
N
PEOPLE
SUBJECT
T
E
N
SAY
C
E
-A-
S
SOMETHING
SOMETHING
E
N
T
E
N
C
E
-B-
SHAKESPEARE
CAROL
LOVES
INVENTED
HER
PROFESSION
NEW WORDS
VERB
P A S S I V E VOICE
OBJECT + BE + V3
SHAKESPEARE
IS
SAID
‘T O H A V E’
Perfect
infinitive
TO HAVE
PAST PARTICIPLE
INVENTED
PRESENT
P
NEW
A
People believed that he had taken alcohol before driving.
He was believed to have taken
alcohol before driving.
S
WORDS
T
HAVE
People say that she has graduated from Harvard.
HAVE
She is said to have graduated from Harvard.
THE PERFECT INFINITIVE OBJECT SENTENCE B IS LINKED TO THE PASSIVE PREDICATE
‘TO HAVE’ IF SENTENCE B IS ONE DEGREE FURTHER BACK IN TIME
PRESENT.............................................................................PAST
PRESENT......................................................PRESENT PERFECT
PAST....................................................................PAST PERFECT
SENTENCE A
WITH
‘TO HAVE’
PERFECT INFINITIVE AFTER THE PASSIVE VOICE
present - TO HAVE - past
present - TO HAVE - present perfect
past - TO HAVE - past PERFECT
TO HAVE
P
IT
SUBJECT
R
E
S
IS
E
N
T
P
CLAIMED
V
E
R
B
B
J
S
T
MAR
MARS POSSESSED
POSSESSED LIFE
S
THAT
O
A
E
C
T
C
L
A
U
S
E
1►
Broken Object: The subject in the object clauseMars replaces the subject of the sentenceit
2►
Broken Object Connector: The perfect infinitive ‘TO HAVE’ replaces THAT
3►
Perfect Infinitive: The verb is used in the past participle form after perfect infinitive ‘TO’
It is thought that old civilizations lived in insecurity.
Old civilizations are thought to have lived in insecurity.
It is believed that Salvador Dali had many quirks.
Salvadaor Dali is believed to have had
many quirks.
ARE
IS
‘TO HAVE’
PERFECT INFINITIVE AFTER THE PASSIVE VOICE
present - TO HAVE - past
present - TO HAVE - present perfect
past - TO HAVE - past PERFECT
TO HAVE
P
IT
SUBJECT
R
E
S
E
IS
V
N
T
PRESENT
SAID
E
R
B
GOT
RON
GOT A DIVORCE
RON HAS
THAT
O
B
J
PERFECT
E
C
T
C
L
A
U
S
E
1►
Broken Object: The subject in the object clauseRon replaces the subject of the sentenceit
2►
Broken Object Connector: The perfect infinitive ‘TO HAVE’ replaces THAT
3►
Perfect Infinitive: The verb is used in the past participle form after perfect infinitive ‘TO’
It is said that Seth has come back from Africa.
Seth is said to have come back from Africa.
It’s thought that the murder has been committed because of jealousy.
The murder is believed to have been caused by jealousy.
IS
IS
‘TO HAVE’
PERFECT INFINITIVE AFTER THE PASSIVE VOICE
present - TO HAVE - past
present - TO HAVE - present perfect
past - TO HAVE - past PERFECT
TO HAVE
P
IT
SUBJECT
A
WAS
V
S
T
P A S T
CLAIMED
E
R
B
I
THAT
O
B
J
E
C
T
P E R F E C T
HADCHEATED
CHEATED
C
L
A
U
S
E
1►
Broken Object: The subject in the object clauseI replaces the subject of the sentenceit
2►
Broken Object Connector: The perfect infinitive ‘TO HAVE’ replaces THAT
3►
Perfect Infinitive: The verb is used in the past participle form after perfect infinitive ‘TO’
It was believed that Prometheus had stolen the fire from Titans.
Prometheus was believed to have stolen the fire from Titans.
It was claimed that the he had embezzled the funds of the company.
He was claimed to have embezzled the funds of the company.
WAS
WAS
LINKING THE COUNTINUOUS FORM
TO
IT
IS
SUBJECT
BELIEVED
V
E
R
AMY BE
IS
Amy
THAT
O
B
B
J
E
C
T
C
PRETENDING
L
A
U
S
E
CLICK TO SEE THE
TO HAVE
TRANSFORMATION
IT
SUBJECT
IS
BELIEVED
V
E
R
B
AMY
Amy
THAT
O
B
J
E
C
T
BEEN
WAS PRETENDING
C
L
It is thought that the world is getting worse each day
The world is thought to be getting worse each day.
It is believed that Dan was keeping a secret from us.
Dan is believed to have been
keeping a secret from us.
A
U
S
E
IS
IS
LINKING THE COUNTINUOUS FORM
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use of ‘Gerunds
and Infinitives’.
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