Transcript Chapter 13

Chapter 8
Gerund and Infinitives
CONTENTS.
13-1 Verb + gerund
13-2 Go + -ing
13-3 Verb + infinitive
13-4 Verb + gerund or infinitive
13-5 Preposition + gerund
13-6 Using by and with to express how something is done
13-7 Using gerunds as subjects; using it + infinitive
13-8 It + infinitive: using for (someone)
13-9 Expressing purpose with in order to and for
13-10 Using infinitives with too and enough
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13-1 VERB + GERUND
She keeps worrying about
her husband.
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13-1 VERB + GERUND
(a) I
verb
gerund
like
be ing with you.
• -ing form of a verb
gerund
• used as a noun
• object of the verb
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13-1 VERB + GERUND
(b) They enjoy eating pizza.
(c) They have finished
working on a big
project.
(d) My sister never stops
talking on the phone.
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13-1 VERB + GERUND
(e) I wish they would
quit arguing.
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13-1 VERB + GERUND
(f) Would you mind taking
my picture?
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13-1 VERB + GERUND
(g) I usually postpone doing my taxes until the
last minute.
(h) Many people put off doing their taxes until
the last minute.
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13-1 VERB + GERUND
(i) They have to keep (on) working until the
project is finished.
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13-1 VERB + GERUND
(j) They are considering breaking up.
(k) They are thinking about breaking up.
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13-1 VERB + GERUND
(l) They discussed breaking up.
(m) They talked about breaking up, but they
decided to stay together.
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13-1 VERB + GERUND
(n) She is considering not going to work today.
not + gerund = negative form
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13-1 LET’S PRACTICE
thinking about ______
going out to play.
They are ____________
think about
go
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13-1 LET’S PRACTICE
Do you want to _________
talk about
buying a new house?
_______
talk about
buy
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13-1 LET’S PRACTICE
Would you consider
_______ ______
giving us
less homework this week?
consider
give
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13-2 GO + -ING
It’s a beautiful day.
Let’s go canoeing.
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13-2 GO + -ING
(a) Did you go skydiving yesterday?
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13-2 GO + -ING
(a) Did you go skydiving yesterday?
(b) We went camping on the beach.
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13-2 GO + -ING
(a) These guys are going skydiving soon.
(b) We went camping on the beach.
(c) Larry hasn’t gone skiing lately.
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13-2 GO + -ING
(a) Did you go skydiving yesterday?
(b) We went camping on the beach.
(c) Larry hasn’t gone skiing lately.
go + gerund
certain expressions about activities
INCORRECT: I like to go to dancing.
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13-2 LET’S PRACTICE
go ________.
fishing
Mr. Anders loves to ___
go
fish
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13-2 LET’S PRACTICE
go ________.
dancing
My parents love to ___
go
dance
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13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE
I expected you to be here
an hour ago.
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13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE
(a) I hope to graduate
this year.
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13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE
(a) I hope to graduate this year
(b) He intends to study hard this year.
to + simple form of verb = AN INFINITIVE
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13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE
(a) I hope to graduate this year
(b) He intends to study hard this year.
(c) She decided not to attend medical school.
negative = not + infinitive
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How does Gerund differs from Infinitive?
In most of the cases, meaning doesn’t change using Gerund or
Infinitive e.g. “ Begin”. Thus,
“began learning” = “began to learn”.
But, some verbs/expressions meanings change when used as
Gerund or Infinitive form e.g. “Stop”.
As Infinitive: If you use "stop" with an infinitive, it is automatically
an infinitive of purpose, the reason you stopped for. Example "I
stopped to make dinner.“
As gerund: With a gerund, the gerund is the thing that stops. “I
stopped writing to make dinner”. The writing is what stops. So the
infinitive expresses purpose/reason, and the gerund is the direct
object of the verb. It's the only one that can be used in an
imperative statement: "Stop doing that!"
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13-3 LET’S PRACTICE
At their wedding, they ________
promised ___
to ____
stay
together forever.
promise
stay
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13-3 LET’S PRACTICE
go on a cruise,
I _____
would _____
love _____
to _____
but I can’t afford it.
would love
go
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13-3 LET’S PRACTICE
I ______
seem ___
to ___
be out of money.
seem
be
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13-4 VERB + GERUND OR INFINITIVE
I love to go
fishing with
my dad.
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13-4 VERB + GERUND OR INFINITIVE
(a) All of a sudden, it began raining.
(b) All of a sudden, it began to rain.
some
verbs
gerund
or
infinitive
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13-4 LET’S PRACTICE
hate
wait
hate ___
to _____
wait in line.
I _____
hate _______
waiting in line.
I _____
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13-4 LET’S PRACTICE
begin
study
began __________
studying yesterday, but I quit.
I ______
began _____
to _____
study yesterday, but I quit.
I _____
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13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND
She is nervous about
testifying at the trial.
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13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND
(a) Some people are afraid of driving.
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13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND
(a) Some people are afraid of driving.
(b) Alex is responsible for leading our team
project.
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13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND
(a) Some people are afraid of driving.
(b) Alex is responsible for leading our team
project.
(c) She apologized for being
rude to her mom.
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13-5 LET’S PRACTICE
teaching math.
Angie is good ___
at (teach) ________
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13-5 LET’S PRACTICE
studying
They are planning ____
on (study) __________
all afternoon for the test.
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13-5 LET’S PRACTICE
starting
They are excited ______
about (start) _______
their new project.
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13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW
SOMETHING IS DONE
It takes six hours to get from
Baltimore to Seattle by air.
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13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW
SOMETHING IS DONE
(a) You turn on the microwave by selecting the
number of minutes and pressing the ON button.
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13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW
SOMETHING IS DONE
(a) You turn on the microwave by selecting the
number of minutes and pressing the ON button.
By + a gerund
how something
is done
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13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW
SOMETHING IS DONE
(b) I love travelling by train.
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13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW
SOMETHING IS DONE
(b) I love travelling by train.
(c) Many people eat with chopsticks.
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13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW
SOMETHING IS DONE
(b) I love travelling by train.
(c) Many people eat with chopsticks.
by
OR
with
+ noun
how something
is done
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13-6 LET’S PRACTICE
Some people in London get around
by double-decker bus.
___
by
with
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13-6 LET’S PRACTICE
Most students don’t write their
by hand anymore.
reports _____
by
with
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13-6 LET’S PRACTICE
Floors can be cleaned _____
with a mop.
by
with
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13-7 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT +
INFINITIVE
Riding a motorcycle
can be exciting.
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13-7 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT +
INFINITIVE
(a) Riding motorcycles is dangerous.
same
meaning
(b) It is dangerous to ride motorcycles.
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13-7 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT +
INFINITIVE
(c) Visiting other countries is fun.
gerund
a gerund is singular
subject
verb is singular
(d) It is fun to visit other countries.
it
it
subject
to visit other countries
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13-7 LET’S PRACTICE
Gerund as subject
It is important to do well in school.
Doing well in school is important.
________________
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13-7 LET’S PRACTICE
Gerund as subject
It can be helpful to study with a friend.
Studying
with a friend can be helpful
_____________________________.
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13-7 LET’S PRACTICE
Gerund as subject
Is it scary to climb mountains?
climbing mountains is scary
Yes, _______________________.
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13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)
It is a good idea for
everyone to get a flu shot.
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13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)
(a) You should get a flu shot.
(b) It is necessary forsimilar
you to get a flu shot.
meaning
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13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)
(a) You should get a flu shot.
(b) It is necessary for you to get a flu shot.
(c) He should be careful.
(d) It is important for him to be careful.
it is + adjective + for (someone) + infinitive
phrase
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13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)
(e) We don’t have to go to work today.
(f) It isn’t necessary for us to go to work today.
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13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)
(e) We don’t have to go to work today.
(f) It isn’t necessary for us to go to work today.
(g) A dog can’t drive a car.
(h) It is impossible for a dog to drive a car.
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13-8 LET’S PRACTICE
World leaders should be honest.
for world leaders to be honest
It is important ________________________.
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13-8 LET’S PRACTICE
In some cultures, brides wear red.
In some cultures, it is appropriate
for brides to wear red
___________________.
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13-8 LET’S PRACTICE
Snakes can’t run.
for snakes to run
It is impossible _______________.
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13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND
FOR
I am going to college in order to
get a good education.
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13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND
FOR
- Why are you going to college?
(a) I am going to college because I
want a good education.
(b) I am going to college in order to
get a good education.
(c) I am going to college to get a
good education.
same
meaning
in order
frequently
omitted
In order to
purpose
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13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND
FOR
(d) I am going to college for an education.
for
purpose
preposition
noun
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13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND
FOR
(d) I am going to college for an education.
(e) I am going to college to get an education.
INCORRECT:
I am going to college for to get an education.
INCORRECT:
I am going to college for getting an education.
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13-9 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT
OR
INCORRECT
?
I went to the ATM in order to withdraw money.
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13-9 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT
OR
INCORRECT
?
I went to the ATM for to withdraw money.
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13-9 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT
OR
INCORRECT
?
I went to the ATM for withdrawing money.
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13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH
This dessert is too delicious
to resist.
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13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH
TOO + ADJECTIVE + (FOR SOMEONE) + INFINITIVE
(a) Hang gliding is
(b) Hang gliding is
(c) Hang gliding is
too scary
to try.
too scary for me to try.
too scary for Sue to try.
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13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH
Hang gliding is
too scary to try.
too + adjective
Don’t even
think of
trying it.
negative result
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13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH
COMPARE
Hang gliding is too scary. I can’t do it.
Flying is very scary, but I can do it.
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13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH
ENOUGH + NOUN + INFINITIVE
(d) I don’t have enough time to mop the floor.
(e) Do you have enough time to do it?
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13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH
ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH + INFINITIVE
(f)
I’m not strong
enough to mop
the floor.
(g) Are you strong enough to do it?
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13-10 LET’S PRACTICE
I am too clumsy. I can’t be a waitress.
too clumsy to be a waitress
I am ______________________.
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13-10 LET’S PRACTICE
These shoes are too small for me.
big enough for me
These shoes aren’t ________________.
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13-10 LET’S PRACTICE
Hang gliding takes a lot of courage.
enough courage to try it.
I don’t have ______________
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