Transcript The Wonderful World of Grammar

Ms. Mathews
English 9H
singular (1) = the verb will have an
-s ending.
Ex: The cat plays.
plural (2+) = the verb will not end
in -s.
Ex: The girls write essays.
The pronouns each, either, neither,
one, everyone, no one, nobody,
anyone, anybody, someone,
everybody = singular = verb with an
-s ending.
Ex: Everyone in the class is
going on the field trip.
The pronouns several, few,
both, many, others = plural =
verb without an -s ending.
Ex: Several of my friends
work in the library.
The pronouns some, any, none, all,
and most may be either singular or
plural.
Ex: Some of the cake was
eaten.
None of the boys were at
football practice.
When a sentence has two or more
subjects joined by and, a verb without
an -s is needed.
Ex: Students and teachers park
in front of the auditorium.
Pizza, cake, and ice cream
have always been his
favorite foods.
When a sentence has two or more
subjects joined by or or nor, choose a
verb that agrees with the subject
closest to it (proximity).
Ex: Fudge or cookies are a good
choice for dessert.
Neither Tammy nor her
sister likes to travel.
Collective nouns such as team, family,
jury, faculty, and committee are singular
when considered as a unit. These will take
a verb with an -s ending.
Ex: My family drives to California
each year.
The faculty recommends that the
new handbook be approved.
When every or many a comes
before a subject, the verb
should have an -s ending.
Ex: Every man, woman, and
child remembers that
cold winter.
This, it, a/an before a subject
means that it is singular
Ex: This cookie is good.
Nouns
A noun is a word that names a
person, place, thing, or idea.
 Of all the world’s monsters, the dragon is
the best known.
 Ancient cultures imagined the dragon as a
giant snake.
 Dragons resemble lizards in the artwork of
earlier cultures.
 Scotland has claimed the monster of Loch
Ness for centuries.
 Some people have claimed to see Nessie and
have even photographed her.
Types of Nouns
Type of Noun
Definition
Common
General name for a person, place, thing,
or idea
Proper
Name of a particular person, place, thing,
or idea
Concrete
Name of something perceived by the
senses
Abstract
Name of an idea, quality, or state
Singular
One person, place, thing, or idea
Plural
More than one person, place, thing, or
idea
Collective
Name of a group of people or things
Compound
Singular noun formed from 2+ words
Possessive
Noun that shows ownership or
relationship
 The very idea of monsters can inspire fear in
children.
 A werewolf is a human who can turn into a
wolf.
 Contemporary folktales from Germany
have added a modern twist to the lore of the
werewolf.
 Perhaps the savagery of real wolves inspired
storytellers to create the myth of the
werewolf.
Pronouns
A pronoun is a word used in
place of a noun or another
pronoun. The word the
pronoun stands for is called its
antecedent.
The athlete extended a hand to his opponent.
Antecedent
Pronoun
Personal pronouns change form
Personal
Singular
Plural
Pronouns
First Person
I, me (my, mine)
We, us (our, ours)
Second Person
You (your, yours)
You (your, yours)
Third Person
He, him, she, her, it (his, hers,
its)
They, them (their, theirs)
 Sometimes I think about my childhood.
 In Hide-and-Seek, one player should cover his
eyes.
 The other players hide while the person who is “it”
counts to 100, and then they shout, “Ready or not,
here I come!”
 Players may race back to touch home base before
they are found.
 If they are successful, the players can hide again in
the next game.
 Children have played their games for
generations.
 Boys were probably the first jump ropers,
impressing girls with their speed.
 In hopscotch, children hop over lines and
test their balance.
 Gail remembers, “One of my favorite games
was tag.”
 Running was its own reward and being
chased was exciting.
Adjectives
Adjectives modify nouns or
pronouns. They limit the
meaning of the words they
modify.
Adjectives tell what kind, which
one, how many, or how much.
blue ocean
those swimmers
many waves
less sunscreen
 Everyone enjoys a relaxing day at the beach.
 I can see about ten umbrellas from where I
am standing.
 Those umbrellas protect sensitive skin from
harmful sunlight.
 The hot sand burned my feet.
 I look for colorful shells and more rocks for
my collection.
 I imagine exciting trips to South American
ports.
Articles are the most common
adjectives. Indefinite articles (a
and an) refer to unspecified
members of groups of people,
places, things, or ideas. The is the
definite article that refers to a
specific person, place, thing, or
idea.
 Everyone enjoys a relaxing day at the beach.
 I can see an umbrella from where I am
standing.
 Those umbrellas protect sensitive skin from
the harmful sunlight.
 The hot sand burned my feet.
 I am looking for colorful shells and rocks to
start a collection.
 I imagine exciting trips to the South
American ports.
Proper adjectives are formed
from proper nouns. They are
capitalized and often end in an
–n, -ian, -ese, or –ish.
Verbs
A verb is a word used to express
action, condition, or a state of
being.
An action verb expresses a physical
or mental action. An action verb
that appears with a direct object (a
person or thing that receives the
action of the verb) is called a
transitive verb. An action verb
without a direct object is an
intransitive verb.
A linking verb does not express
action. Instead, it links the
subject of a sentence to a word
in the predicate.
“be” verbs
 Type of linking verbs
 Examples:
 Am
 Is
 Are
 Was
 Were
 Be
 Been
 Being
Auxiliary verbs, also called
helping verbs, are combined
with verbs to form verb
phrases.
Common Auxiliary Verbs
 Forms of “be”
 Had
 Do
 Might
 Would
 Will
 Could
 Should
 I washed the car yesterday.
 The dog ate my homework.
 John studies English and French.
 Chris refuses to Dougie for Ms. Mathews.
 A person was killed in the car accident.
 I will travel to Spain next summer.
 My sister plays basketball in college.
 Mike scored the winning touchdown of the game.
 The Patriots beat the Raiders on Sunday.
 I swam in the ocean.
Adverbs
Adverbs modify verbs,
adjectives, or other adverbs
Adverbs answer the questions
where, when, how, and to what
extent.
Adverbs are often formed by
adding –ly to an adjective.
go there
left late
speak softly
nearly complete
An intensifier is an adverb that
defines the degree of an
adjective or another adverb.
Intensifiers always come
BEFORE the adjectives or
adverbs that they modify.
really easy
too tightly
 You are never too old for a day at the zoo.
 That lovely woman lives in a friendly
neighborhood.
 My kindergarten teacher was very motherly.
 Walk faster if you want to keep up with me.
 That was the least skillfully written essay that I
have seen in years.
 The nurse moved more quickly among the
patients.
 He arrived to class late.
 I really do not like you.
 That child simply ignored his mother.
Conjunctions
A conjunction connects words
or groups of words. A
coordinating conjunction
connects words or word groups
that have equal importance in a
sentence.
Examples of Coordinating
Conjunctions
 For
 And
 Nor
 But
 Or
 Yet
 So
 I want to hang out with my friends this
weekend, but I have a history project due on
Monday.
 We can either go to the mall or the movies.
 I slept for nine hours last night; yet, I am
still tired.
 Ryan is an athlete and a scholar.
 My grandfather is in town, so I might take
him to see the Washington Monument.
Correlative conjunctions are
pairs of conjunctions that join
words or groups of words.
Some correlative conjunctions
are….
both…and
neither…nor
either…or
not only…but also
 I am going to the beach with both my
mom and my dad.
 I neither like to dance nor sing, so I do
not think I would be a good asset to the
choir.
 I am going as either a cat or a princess
for Halloween this year.
 Not only do I enjoy English class, but I
also love math class.
Subordinating conjunctions
introduce subordinate clauses--clauses that cannot stand alone as
complete sentences---and join
them to independent clauses.
Examples of subordinating
conjunctions
 after
 although
 as
 because
 if
 since
 so that
 until
 when
 while
A conjunctive adverb is used to
express relationships between
independent clauses.
Examples of conjunctive
adverbs
 also
 consequently
 however
 nevertheless
 still
 therefore
 besides
 otherwise
NOTE:
Conjunctive adverbs MUST have a
semicolon before the word and a
comma after.
Example: I love English; therefore, I
decided to teach high school
English/Language Arts.
Interjection
An interjection is a word or
phrase that expresses an
emotion or strong feeling
A strong interjection is followed
by an exclamation point. A mild
interjection is followed by a
comma.
Strong interjections=Batman words
Pow!
Bam!
Splat!
Wow!
Wham!
 Ew! Something smells horrible!
 Oh, I wish I had known that you were
coming today.
 Yes! I knew we would win!
 No, I do not want to go with you today.
 Ouch! That hurt!
 Yay! Christmas is only a month away!
 Yeah, you can come with me to the mall.
 Wow! You look great!
Preposition
A preposition shows the
relationship between a noun or
a pronoun and another word in
the sentence.
Examples
 about
 before
 by
 during
 on
 under
Prepositions formed from more
than one word are compound
prepositions.
Examples
 according to
 in place of
 because of
 instead of
For the most part, prepositions
are “direction” type words.
 Put your hands on your head.
 The book is under the table.
 There is gum in your hair.
 The boy is standing behind the tree.
As a student said last year, “if a
cat can do it to a tree, it is a
preposition!”