Transcript Introduction to XML

Chapter 1
Intro to Computer
Department of Computer Engineering
Khon Kaen University
Major Concepts
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Computer usage in several
professions
Physical parts of a computer system
Four kinds of a computer hardware
Two major categories of software
Four common types of available
computer nowadays
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What is a Computer?
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A computer is an electronic device used
to process data
Computers have become so fundamental
to modern society
What would happen if our society do not
have computers?
How can we make the computers do work
for us?
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Computers in a Daily Life
Computerized
scanners
Computerized
card readers
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Computers for Health Care
Diagnosing surgery
Assisting surgery
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Computers for Space Program
Remote controlling robots, rockets,
and satellites
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Computers for Construction
Using CAD (Computer-Aided Design) tools
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Computers for Manufacturing
Manufacturing with computers and robotics
(Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM))
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Major Concepts
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Computer usage in our lives
Four parts of a computer system
Four kinds of a computer
hardware
Two major categories of software
Four common types of computers
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A Computer System
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Have four common parts
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Hardware (HW) (computer)
 Any part pf computer you can touch
Software (SW) (programs)
 Sets of instructions that tell HW what to do
Data (information)
 Raw facts the computer can manipulate
People (users)
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Overview of Computer System
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Major Concepts
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Computer usage in our lives
Four parts of a computer system
Four kinds of a computer
hardware
Two major categories of software
Four common types of computers
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A Computer Hardware
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The computer hardware has many
parts, but each falls into one of four
categories:
 Processor
 Memory
 Input and output devices
 Storage devices
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Hardware Devices
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Processor
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Processor: the brain of a computer
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Processing: the procedure that transforms
raw data into useful information
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Organizes and carries out instructions
Uses two components: processor & memory
Processor
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Consists of one or more microprocessors:
electronic devices
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Processor in a Computer
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
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CPU refers to a computer
processing hardware, whether
it consists of a single chip or
multiple chips.
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Memory
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The computer’s electronic scratch pad
Programs are loaded into and run
from memory
Data used by a program is also
loaded into memory for fast access
The most common type of memory is
called RAM (Random Access Memory)
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RAM
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Memory Measurement
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The base unit for describing a computer’s
memory is “byte”
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Kilobytes (KB) = 1024 bytes
~ 1,000 bytes
Megabytes (MB) = 1024 x 1024 bytes
~ 1,000,000 bytes
Gigabytes (GB) = 1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes
~ 1,000,000,000 bytes
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Input Devices
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Accept data and instructions from user
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Output Devices
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Return processed data back to the user
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Input and Output Devices
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Some types of hardware can act as both
input and output devices
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Touch screen is an example
The most common types of devices that
can perform both input and output
devices are
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Communication devices: connect one
computer to another – a process known as
networking
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Storage Devices
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A device to hold the data files and the
program files
Storage vs. memory
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More room in storage than in memory
Memory speed is faster
Storage is much cheaper than memory
Magnetic disks: the most common storage
medium
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Floppy disk, hard disk
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Storage Devices (Cont.)
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Magnetic Disks
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Hard Disks
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Floppy Disks
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Hard Disks
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There are two
read/write heads on
each access arm
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The read/write head
accessing disk
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Major Concepts
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Computer usage in our lives
Four parts of a computer system
Four kinds of a computer
hardware
Two major categories of software
Four common types of computers
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Software
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When a computer is using a particular
program, it is said to be running or
executing that program
Two major categories of software:
 System software, i.e., operating system
 Application software
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Operating Systems
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Tell the computer how to interact with the
user and how to use devices
Start running from the computer is turned
on until the computer is turned off
Some of example operating systems
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Windows
Linux
Mac OS X
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Operating Systems (Cont.)
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The computer goes through steps to
prepare itself to run user’s application
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Step 1. Self-test: identify and check computer
devices. Initiated by a system software
located in Read-Only Memory (ROM).
Step 2. The computer runs the OS program
Step 3. The user can issue commands to the
computer
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Application Software
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A program that helps people accomplish
specific tasks
Thousands of application are available;
however, some major categories are:
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Word processing and spreadsheets
Database management software
Multimedia, graphic and presentations
Entertainment and education
Communication
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Word Processing
Example: Microsoft Word
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Spreadsheets
Example: Microsoft Excel
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Data Management Software
Example: Microsoft Access
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Graphic
Example: Microsoft Paint
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Presentations
Example: Microsoft PowerPoint
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Major Concepts
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Computer usage in our lives
Four parts of a computer system
Four kinds of a computer
hardware
Two major categories of software
Four common types of computers
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Types of Computers
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These four different types of computers
have different capabilities
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Supercomputers
Mainframes
Minicomputers
Microcomputers
All these types of computers can be
connected together to form networks of
computers
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Supercomputers
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The most powerful computers
Process huge amounts of data, model of
complex processes, and simulate the
processes
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Nuclear fission
Air pollution
Weather forecast
Cost upwards of $20 millions
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Mainframe Computers
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For many people in a large organization
who need frequent access to the same
information which is organized into one or
more huge databases
In the past, mainframe computers
occupied the entire rooms
But now, a typical mainframe computer
looks like an unimposing file cabinet
Cost is from $35,000 to many millions
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Minicomputers
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The capabilities of a minicomputer lies
somewhere between those of mainframes
and those of personal computers
Minicomputers can handle much more
input and output than personal computers
can
The major minicomputer manufacturers
include DEC, Data General, IBM, and HP
Cost is from $18,000 to $500,000
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Microcomputers
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The terms microcomputer and personal
computer are interchangeable
Microprocessors, memory chips, and
storage devices keep
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Making gains in speed and capability
Their physical size and price remain stable or
in some cases are reduced
The price of PC is affordable by most
people, thus PC is widely used
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PCs: Desktop Models
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PCs: Notebook Models
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PCs: Tablet Models
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PDA: Personal Digital Assistant
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Phone + Computer
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