Transcript Change
Changes in computing Changes in computing Changes in Computing Technology Ideas which inspired Digital Computing Changes in computing Resume Jobs - programmer; analyst; manager it security analyst; test integration engineer ICL; Brunel University; BBC ; BACS Entegrity ICL mainframes; DEC Mini computers; IBM PC's; Changes in computing Learning to program Did a 3 month course at Control Data Institute The CDC 6600 . Changes in computing Learning to program Joined ICL. Learned to program in Cobol; Plan; Fortran and Algol. ICL paid for a 4 week course to earn Plan Changes in computing Early computer room Large air conditioned room Card readers Paper tape readers Line printers CPU Disk/Tape drives Lots of staff Changes in computing Punched cards Changes in computing Punched card reader Changes in computing Paper tape Changes in computing Magnetic tape Changes in computing Magnetic disk Changes in computing Early programming languages Cobol - intended for use by anyone Intended to be portable across machines Plan - an assembly level language (like a simple version of C) Changes in computing Early program development Wrote the code on a coding sheet Prepared pack of cards (program + job instructions) or paper tape Submitted job to operations room Waited for results Changes in computing Early programming It will be ready next week Its almost working Trust me I thought I’d fixed that Changes in computing Early computer system design Hugh complex programs - hence strong dependence on individual programmers Gaps between design and implementation Often disappointed users Changes in computing Early operating systems Programs talked directly to hardware (when the hardware changed - the program changed) Manual intervention was often required Programs could generally be debugged via a front panel using switches and lights; it is said that Alan Turing was a master of this on the early Manchester Mark I machine. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_operating_systems) Changes in computing Early networking Mainframes had text based terminals Communications were special Modems were slow and expensive The Data Centre ruled - even if the development teams / users were dispersed Changes in computing Early Ownership Manufacturer provided users with a license to use their system (not allowed to look at the code; copy the product or redistribute it) Changes in computing Early view of system design Investigate system Automate system FOCUS ON AUTOMATION Sack staff Changes in computing Technical changes More powerful hardware. Complex operating systems. Growth of PC’s More powerful networks and associated management software Changes in computing Technical changes More Powerful Hardware "Another decade is straightforward," the cofounder of Intel said at the recent International Solid-States Circuits Conference, when discussing the 38-year-old principle that the number of transistors on a given chip can be doubled every two years. (Techweb) Changes in computing Technical changes Complex operating systems. An OS without a graphical user interface or various file viewers is often considered not to be a true or complete OS. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_operating_systems Changes in computing Technical changes Growth of PC’s (dispersed power) Changes in computing Technical changes Growth of PC’s (dispersed power) Nearly 100 million PCs are likely to be replaced this year, with 120 million being swapped out in 2005. (Gartner). Changes in computing Technical changes More powerful specialised networks and associated management software Changes in computing System design Business System Analysis Computer system design and construction FOCUS ON MEETING BUSINESS OBJECTIVES Implementation Changes in computing Standards Standards for project and risk management Standards for system design Standards for programming Changes in computing Specialisation Business Analysts System Architects Designers Coders Testers IT Security Configuration Management Data Management Database design Project Management Changes in computing The internet Originally the Internet was designed as a military system - paid for by the government Now almost entirely dominated by commercial interests. Very insecure and fragile (alternatives were available) Users can set up shop on the Internet (with little or no computing expertise) Changes in computing Ownership Open Source provides an alternative to the proprietary model Microsoft and Intel, are planning to make your computer obey them instead of you. There are plans to use the ‘trusted computing’ facility for email and documents--resulting in email that disappears in two weeks, or documents that can only be read on the computers in one company. (gnu) Changes in computing Ownership Open Source provides users with a license to use the system (source must be available to users - also you can - generally speaking - copy and redistribute the product.) Changes in computing Ownership Dell's portable MP3 music player is now compatible with computers running Linux, the company said Wednesday. This will let users import and convert songs, organise music collections, play MP3s and audio CDs, and create music CDs. (Zdnet) Changes in computing Globalisation Powerful networks and computer systems make it possible for companies to put their factories in the ‘cheapest’ country Robotics could change this picture Changes in computing Globalisation By the end of next year some 830,000 US service jobs will have been exported overseas, according to a survey on the growing trend of outsourcing. This is a 40% increase on its previous estimate, as more companies look for cheaper foreign labour. The growth in outsourcing has become a hot US political issue. (BBC) Changes in computing (Limits) Computers cannot always be relied on to work when you need them. Changes in computing (Limits) When computers do work they do not always provide the right answer. An early-warning system radar malfunction falsely warned the North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD) headquarters of a "massive" Soviet ballistic missile strike approaching the United States. -Annual Report to the Congress for Fiscal Year 1982, Department of Defense, p. 121 Changes in computing (Limits) There is a ‘digital divide’ between rich & poor “ IDG - After three days of talks and months of preparation, leaders of the world's seven largest economic powers plus Russia failed to agree on any specific action to bridge the growing technological divide between the world's richest and poorest nations. At the conclusion of the G8 Summit on the leaders made a commitment to further study the issue and take it up again at their next meeting, in a year's time (July 25, 2000 IDG Martyn Williams) Changes in computing (Limits) Computer technology can be hard to dispose of safely. GSA Bulletin FMR B-4 Utilization and Disposal To: Heads of Federal agencies The disposition of computers and computer monitors, has become a challenge for Federal agencies because the equipment contains hazardous materials and/or toxic substances such as cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury. Changes in computing (Limits) Computing may be diverting effort from solving more important problems The world's supply of fresh water is running out. Already one person in five has no access to safe drinking water.. (BBC) Exercise When did you first use a computer? What did you use it for? What do you use a computer for now?