Transcript Chapter 8 Section 2 - Okemos Public Schools

Chapter 8 Section 2
The Holy
Roman Empire
and the Church
The Holy Roman Empire
•
•
•
•
•
•
Otto I Becomes Emperor
Charlemagne’s Empire divided after his death
Otto I of Saxony took over the German Lands
Took title King of Germany
Worked closely with the Church, helped Pope to
defeat rebellious Roman Nobles
Crowned Emperor in 962
Took title Holy Roman Emperor
Emperors Struggle for Control
• Claimed control over central and eastern
Europe,parts of France and Italy
• In reality the real rulers were the nobles and
Church officials, vassals of the Emperor
• Emperors appointed bishops and abbots
• Popes tried to end such interference from
the secular rulers
I’m in charge
Around here
buddy!!!!
The Feud Between
Pope and Emperor
•
•
•
•
•
Gregory VII Causes Controversy
Henry IV crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1054
Gregory VII wanted Church to be independent of
secular rulers
Banned lay investiture
Only Pope had right to appoint
and install bishops in office
Henry IV Responds
• Henry IV angered
• Bishops held lands as a royal fief
• He was their overlord, so he had the right to
give them the symbols of office
• Insulting letters exchanged
• Rebellious German princes supported the
pope
The Struggle Intensifies
• 1076 Gregory VII excommunicates
Henry IV
• Subjects free from their allegiance
to Henry
• Gregory set off to crown a new emperor
• Henry had no choice but to repent
• Gregory lifted the excommunication
• Returned to Germany to put down revolts
• Lead and army to Rome and forced Gregory into exile
A Compromise:
The Concordat of Worms
• Controversy over lay investiture lasted for 50 years
• 1122 both side accepted treaty known as the
Concordat of Worms
• Declared that Church had the sole power to elect
and invest bishops with spiritual authority
• The emperor retained the right to invest them with
fiefs
The Struggle for Italy
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
German Emperors Try to Subdue Italy
Frederick I “Barbarossa” wanted the rich northern cities of
Italy under his control
Fought to control them for years
Northern cities joined with Pope in the Lombard League
Barbarossa defeated
Henry, son of Barbarossa, and Constance married
Constance was heiress to Sicily and Southern Italy
Frederick II, grandson, clashed with several Popes’
Tried but failed to get control of cities in Norhern Italy
Effects on Germany and Italy
• Nobles in Germany grew more independent while
Frederick II was in Italy
• HRE survived, but stayed a patchwork of feudal
states
• Would not become a nation state like France and
England for another 600 years
• Southern Italy and Sicily faced upheaval as well
• Popes turned to French to overthrow Frederick’s
heirs
• Fighting between France and Spain left southern
Italy in chaos
Church Power Reaches Its Height
•
•
•
•
•
•
Papal Supremacy
Pope Innocent III claimed Papal supremacy
Clashed with rulers and usually won
Excommunicated King John of England and put
country under interdict
Same fate for Philip II of France
Teamed up with Philip to exterminate the
Albigensians, heretical group in S.France
Philip gained their extensive lands
Looking Ahead
• Popes continued to claim papal supremacy
after death of Innocent II
• French and English monarchs grew stronger
• 1296 Philip IV successfully challenged
Pope Boniface III on the issue of taxing the
clergy
• French Pope elected
• Papacy entered a period of decline