Transcript land - Mrs. Davis` World Geography

Feudalism
Pyramid of Power
Manoralism
Year 8 European Medieval History
Duffy Stirling: Teachers Pay Teachers
The Feudal Pyramid of Power
Government in England before 1066
• The Roman Empire had a
central government.
After Rome fell, Europe
had dozens of little
kingdoms.
• Lots of fighting between
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.
• Lots of attacks from
Vikings, Magyars (from
East Asia) and Muslims.
• A new way evolved ...
Feudalism
• Feudalism was the
political and military
system of the Middle
Ages.
• In a feudal society,
land is exchanged for
military service and
loyalty.
• The ownership of land
was the basis or
power.
Why Land?
• Why was land so important? Why did
everyone want it? One word:
MONEY!
• In the Middle Ages, as now, owning land is a
great form of revenue and POWER!
• If you controlled land, you controlled the
people who lived on it.
• You could take a cut of the produce
(crops and livestock) of the land.
• You also charged rent to the tenants:
farmers, craftsmen etc.
The Feudal Pyramid of Power
• A way to think about how the Feudalism
works is to imagine a triangle or pyramid.
• The higher up the pyramid, the more power
you had.
• But your power was supported by the levels
below you.
1066
• Before the Battle of
Hastings, England was
ruled by Anglo-Saxon
kings.
• When William I
conquered England, he
changed how it was
governed.
At the top
• As a conquering King,
William ‘owned’
everything.
• He could not manage all of
it himself: he delegated
control to his nobility.
• Depending on how loyal
they’d been, William
allocated control of parcels
of land to the nobles who
fought for him.
MONARCH
NOBILITY
Feudal Pyramid of Power
Nobility
• Barons, Earls and Dukes.
• Men who had fought alongside the King
were ‘rewarded’ with land.
• In return, these nobles had to
– swear an oath of loyalty to the King
– collect taxes
– provide soldiers
when the King
requires them
MONARCH
NOBILITY
Feudal Pyramid of Power
Knights:
Soldiers of the Middle Ages
• Nobles needed trained soldiers to
defend castles and to send to fight
the King’s wars when required.
• Knights were the most important,
highly skilled soldiers.
• Mounted knights in heavy armor
were the best defenders.
Knights
• BUT being a Knight is expensive:
weapons, armor, horses.
• A Noble would pay his knights
with land.
• The land given to a knight in
exchange for service was called a
fief.
– Knights who accepted a fief from a
Lord was a vassal.
– A vassal swore an oath of fealty
(loyalty) to their lord and would fight
for him when required.
MONARCH
NOBILITY
KNIGHTS
VASSALS
Feudal Pyramid of Power
The Commoners
• Then there was
everyone else.
• In the time of
William I, the
Knights and
Lords were all
Norman French.
• With control of
land came
control of the
Anglo-Saxons
(English) who
lived there.
Serfs
• A serf was not a slave because he
• A serf was a
could not be sold, but a serf was not
labourer who was
free because he could not leave.
“bound to the
• They also needed permission to
land.”
marry.
• They worked the
land (farmed) for
the Lord and his
Vassals, paying dues
(food, services and
money) in return for
the use of the land.
• They could not
leave their lord’s
land without
permission.
MONARCH
NOBILITY
KNIGHTS
VASSALS
PEASANTS
SERFS
Feudal Pyramid of Power
Merchants and Craftsmen
• Merchants and craftsmen
(blacksmiths, tailors, bakers,
thatchers and so on) could
perform their trade in
exchange for goods, services
or money.
• They had more freedom than
serfs.
• With the rise of towns, they
would rent their house or
workshop from the Lord.
• Some freemen could rent
land from the Lord to farm.
MONARCH
NOBILITY
KNIGHTS
VASSALS
MERCHANTS
FARMERS CRAFTSMEN
PEASANTS
SERFS
Feudal Pyramid of Power
The Church
• The Catholic Church was very
powerful in Medieval England.
• The King may have been ruler of
England but he feared the Church
and the Pope.
– The King allocated 25% of available
land for Church use.
– The King was considered to be on the
throne because of ‘divine right’ – i.e.
that God put him there.
– If the King went against the wishes of
the Pope, or the rules of Catholicism,
he could be excommunicated.
MONARCH
NOBILITY
KNIGHTS
VASSALS
MERCHANTS
FARMERS CRAFTSMEN
PEASANTS
SERFS
Feudal Pyramid of Power
Domesday Book
• William I commissioned a census (or stocktake) of
his ‘possessions’ so he knew how much he owned
(so he could tax everyone!)
• This is known as the ‘Domesday Book’.
• Every acre of land, forest, person and livestock in
1086 is recorded in the book.
Manorialism
The ‘Manor’
When I think of ‘manor’ I think of a big grand house,
something like this:
But in Medieval England, a
‘manor’ was more like a
large estate, town or
village.
A ‘manor house’ would be
in the centre of the
estate, like this one in
Gloucestershire. It would
be where the Lord or
Vassal would live.
Manor
MANOR
HOUSE
MANOR
CHURCH
PEASANTS and
CRAFTSMEN
HOUSING and
WORKSHOPS
Remember: a fief was
all of a Lord’s land.
The manor was the
part of the fief
where the peasants
farmed and lived.
Manorialism
• Manorialism was the
economic system of
the Middle Ages.
– These days our
economic system is
called ‘Capitalism’.
• Manorialism is a selfsufficient economy;
this means that
everything that is
necessary for life was
created on the
manor.
Manor
What does a Medieval
person need for
everyday life?
Manor
Everything the peasants
needed for everyday
life was catered for
on the manor.
Peasants generally lived
their whole lives on
the manor, rarely
going any further
than the
neighbouring manor.
Manor
• Each manor included
fortified manor house for
the noble family, and a
village for peasants, serfs.
• Some people were
‘freemen’ who rented land
from lord.
• Others included
landowning peasants, and
skilled workers like
blacksmiths, millers.
• The Church provided a
priest for the people’s
spiritual needs. He lived in
the Parsonnage.
Manor
• Colour in your
map of a Manor.
• Match the colours
you use to the
legend.
A Peasant’s Life
It is the custom in
England, as with other
countries, for the nobility
to have great power over
the common people, who
are serfs. This means that
they are bound by law and
custom to plough the field
of their masters, harvest
the corn, gather it into
barns, and thresh and
winnow the grain; they
must also mow and carry
home the hay, cut and
collect wood, and perform
all manner of tasks of this
kind.
Jean Froissart, 1395
A peasant’s life was hard.
Not only did they work their own
land to grow enough food for
their families to survive, but they
were also required to work the
Lord’s land and to work the
Church’s land.
Housing and Living Conditions
The King lived in large fortified castles (and later palaces).
The Nobility and Knights lived in smaller fortified castles
and manor houses made mostly of stone.
The peasants, however,
lived in ‘cruick shacks’
made of wood and mud
and with dirt floors.
Often the family would
share their small huts
with their animals (to
keep them safe and
warm, given they were
extremely valuable).
Everyday Life
It would be unlikely that a peasant
would ever be ‘clean’: often
they wore the same clothing
everyday, and washed only
hands and face.
They were heavily taxed: they paid
rent to their Lord as well as tithes
(compulsory donations) to the
Church.
What was left over was supposed
to feed the family. As the land
became overfarmed (soil
exhaustion), there were increasing
famines.
Strip Farming
In the Manor diagram, the orange
coloured strips would be set aside
for the Lord.
• Rather than farming square
plots like we do today,
medieval farmers planted in
‘strips’. Every few ‘strips’
would be farmed for the Lord
or the Church.
• They practiced crop rotation,
where fields would be left
fallow every other season to
allow the ground to recover.
• Many Lords hired a reeve, a
kind of manager who would
keep an eye on the dastardly
peasants to make sure they
didn’t steal or be lazy.
Work that needed to be done
Hard Work
Medieval peasants had a
hard life. There was always
work to be done.
Fill in the jobs that were
required in different
months on your ‘Medieval
Peasant’s Calendar’.
OR You could draw symbols
which represent the jobs
that needed doing.
JANUARY
mending and making tools, repairing fences
FEBRUARY
carting manure and marl
MARCH
ploughing and spreading manure
APRIL
spring sowing of seeds, harrowing
MAY
digging ditches, first ploughing of fallow fields
JUNE
hay making, second ploughing of fallow field,
sheep-shearing
JULY
hay making, sheep-shearing, weeding of crops
AUGUST
Harvesting
SEPTEMBER
threshing, ploughing and pruning fruit trees
OCTOBER
Last ploughing of the year
NOVEMBER
collecting acorns for pigs
DECEMBER
Mending and making tools, killing animals
The Breakdown of Feudalism
• The Feudal system began to break down
due to increasing starvation due to
overfarming and inflation (rising prices
leading to higher taxes and therefore more
poverty)
• All of these factors led to unsuccessful
peasant rebellions, particularly the
English Peasant Revolt of 1381.
• Finally, the Black Death (1347 onwards)
wiped out two thirds of the population:
suddenly labour was valuable and
peasants could bargain for a better deal.
Appendix
MONARCH
NOBILITY
KNIGHTS
VASSALS
MERCHANTS
FARMERS CRAFTSMEN
PEASANTS
SERFS
Feudal Pyramid of Power
MONARCH
NOBILITY
KNIGHTS
VASSALS
MERCHANTS
FARMERS CRAFTSMEN
PEASANTS
SERFS
Feudal Pyramid of Power
Feudal Pyramid of Power
Bibliography
and Recommended Websites
•
Images by Wikipedia Commons, Geograph.org.uk and OpenClipArt.org.
•
To the best of my ability I have used original and royalty free images and
information. If you believe I have broken copyright, please contact me
immediately: [email protected]
FEUDALISM INFORMATION
• Boughey. n.d.. Feudal System, Schoolhistory.co.uk [online] Available at:
http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/year7links/1066/FeudalSystem.pdf [Accessed:
18 Aug 2013].
• Historylearningsite.co.uk. 1900. Feudalism. [online] Available at:
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/feudalism.htm [Accessed: 18 Aug 2013].
• Historylearningsite.co.uk. 2007. Medieval Farming. [online] Available at:
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval_farming.htm [Accessed: 18 Aug
2013].
• Middle-ages.org.uk. n.d.. Feudalism in England. [online] Available at:
http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/feudalism-in-england.htm [Accessed: 18 Aug
2013].
• Uncp.edu. 1871. Medieval Civilization: Lecture Notes. [online] Available at:
http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/lecture_mid_civ.htm [Accessed: 18 Aug 2013].
Australian Curriculum
This PowerPoint addresses:
Year 8 History
Overview:
• key features of the medieval world (feudalism, trade
routes, voyages of discovery, contact and conflict)
Medieval Europe Depth Study (c.590 – c.1500)
• The way of life in Medieval Europe (social, cultural,
economic and political features) and the roles and
relationships of different groups in society
(ACDSEH008)
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Feudalism Pyramid of Power / Manoralism
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uffy-Stirling.