Transcript changes in medieval society

CHAPTER 14
SECTION 1
REVIEW
1. Explain the three MAIN PROBLEMS that most distressed Church
reformers.
2. What were the goals of The Crusades?
3. What were the LASTING effects of The Crusades?
4. Define these terms 
1. Simony 2. Gothic 3. Urban II
4. Crusade 5. Saladin 6. Reconquista 7. Inquisition
CHANGES IN
MEDIEVAL SOCIET Y
T H E F E U D A L S Y S T E M D E C L I N E D A S A G R I C U LT U R E ,
T R A D E , F I N A N C E , TOW N S A N D U N I V E R S I T I E S
DEVELOPED
FROM THE CRUSADES…..
• The Crusades grew out of religious fervor, feudalism, and chivalry, which came together with
explosive energy.
• This same energy led to the growth of trade, towns, and universities in medieval Europe.
• Https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ikssfUhAlgg
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dBim4Ma0QKA
CHANGES IN AGRICULTURE
• From 800 to 1200 the climate warms, opening more land
to farming
• Changes in technology result in more food production
• Switch to Horsepower
• Harnessed horses replace oxen in pulling plows and
wagons
• Horses plow three times as much a day, increasing food
supply
• The Three-Field System
• Around 800 three-field system used—plant two fields,
let one rest
• This produces more food and leads to population increase
THE GUILDS
• Development of Guilds
• Guilds develop—organization of people in the
same occupation
• Merchant guilds begin first; they keep prices up, provide
security
• Skilled artisans, men and women, form craft guilds
• Guilds set standards for quality, prices, wages, working
conditions
• Guilds supervise training of new members of their craft
• The wealth of guilds influences government and
economy
COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION
• Fairs and Trade
• Europe sees Commercial Revolution—
changes in business and trade
• Trade fairs are held several times a year in
towns
• Trade routes open to Asia, North Africa, and
Byzantine ports
• Merchants take out loans to purchase goods,
and banking grows
• Society Changes
• Economic changes lead to the growth of
cities and of paying jobs
URBAN LIFE FLOURISHES
• Growing Urban Population
• 1000–1150, Europe’s population rises from 30 million to 42 million
• Most towns are small, but they help drive change
• Trade and Towns Grow Together
• Towns are uncomfortable: crowded, dirty, full of fire hazards
• Serfs can become free by living in a town for a year and a day
• Merchant Class Shifts the Social Order
• Feudal lords tax and govern towns, causing resentment
• Towns are taken over by burghers—town merchants
THE REVIVAL OF LEARNING
• The Muslim Connection
• Christian scholars read translations of
Greek works made by Muslims
• Crusaders return with Muslim knowledge
of navigation, ships, weapons
• Scholars and the University
• Groups of scholars gather to teach and
learn; form universities
• Written works not in Latin but in
vernacular—everyday language
THE REVIVAL OF LEARNING
• Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy
• Thomas Aquinas, a religious scholar, mixes Greek
and Christian thought
• Argued that the most basic religious truths could be
proved by logical argument
• He is a scholastic—university man; debates issues
to increase knowledge
ENGL AND AND
FRANCE DEVELOP
AS THE KINGDOM OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE BEGAN
T O D E V E L O P I N T O N AT I O N S , C E R TA I N D E M O C R AT I C
T R A D I T I O N S E V O LV E D .
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGlMTRTkG-8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zT4hkAxzLg
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qj2vpp9Wf4
WHAT IS HAPPENING RIGHT NOW??
• The growth of towns and villages
• The break up of the feudal system
• Leading to more centralized
governments
• The development of NATIONS in
Europe
• The earliest Nations? 
• England and France
• Both had a strong unified government
ENGLAND ABSORBS
WAVES OF INVADERS
• Early Invasions
• Danish Vikings invade England throughout the 800s
• Alfred the Great- Anglo Saxon King - and his
successors gradually unite England (871-899)
• FYI……ENGLAND  “Land of Angles”  one of
the Germanic tribes that invaded Britain
• Danish king Canute invades in 1016, uniting Vikings
and Anglo-Saxons
• 1042 –King Edward dies – struggle for the throne
– - One last invasion!!!
THE NORMAN CONQUEST
• In 1066, England is invaded
for last time by Duke of
Normandy:
• William the Conqueror
• Cousin of King Edward
• defeats his rival for English
crown at the Battle of
Hastings - becomes king
• William keeps one-fifth of
land; hands out rest to
supporters
ENGLAND’S EVOLVING GOVERNMENT
K I N G AN D VAS S AL
J UR I E S AN D C O M M O N L AW
• English rulers’ goal: to control lands in
both England and France
• Henry sends judges to all parts of England
and institutes juries
• Henry II—king of England—gains more
French land through marriage
• The judges’ decisions form English
common law—unified body of laws
• Henry is king in England and a vassal in
France
• Common law forms the basis of law in
many English-speaking countries
HENRY  RICHARD  JOHN
John  younger brother of Richard the Lion
Hearted
1199-1216 – failed as a military – “JOHN
SOFTSWORD”
Lost Normandy and his lands to France
HORRIBLE PERSONALITY – FYI – cruel to
subjects, squeezed them for money, alienated
the church, threatened to take away town
charters, raised taxes to an all time high
His nobles hated him!!
THE MAGNA CARTA
• In 1215 English nobles force King John to sign
the Magna Carta
• Magna Carta—limits king’s power and
guarantees basic political rights
• English people argue the rights are for all
people, not just nobles
THE MODEL PARLIAMENT
• In 1295, Edward I summons wealthy townsmen and knights to raise taxes in order to go to
war against the French, the Welsh, and the Scots
• Together with bishops and lords, they form a parliament — legislative body
• Parliament has two houses: House of Lords, House of Commons
CAPETIAN DYNASTY RULES FRANCE
• The End of the Carolingians
• By 1000 – France had 47 feudal territories
• New French dynasty founded by Hugh Capet—a duke from
central France
• The Capetians rule France from Paris from 987–1328
• France Becomes a Separate Kingdom
• Early Capetians are weak rulers; gradually kings become stronger
• One of the most powerful kings  PHILLIP II
• FYI: Called Phillip AUGUSTUS (majestic)
CAPETIAN DYNASTY RULES FRANCE
• Philip II—a powerful Capetian, rules 1180–1223
• Philip expands land controlled by French king
• He establishes bailiffs to collect taxes and run
courts
• Philip II’s Heirs
• 1226 to 1270 grandson Louis IX strengthens the
central government
• 1285 to 1314 Philip IV rules; questions pope’s
authority in France – pope refused to have the
priests pay taxes to the King
• Philip calls meeting of lords and bishops to support
his policies
• He decides to include commoners in the meeting
to win more support!
THE ESTATES-GENERAL
• The meeting is called the Estates-General
• Participants in the council come from France’s three
Estates
• 1. First Estate—Church leaders
• 2. Second Estate—lords
• 3. Third Estate—commoners, landholders, merchants
THE BEGINNINGS OF DEMOCRACY…
• England and France begin to establish a democratic tradition
• A centralized government is created to rule widespread lands
• Common law and court system support a central government
• Commoners included in decision making
• HOWEVER……
• Before they could move in this direction  they had to fight a century of
turmoil that included RELIGIOUS DISPUTES, PLAGUE, and WAR!!!
THE HUNDRED
YEAR’S WAR
AND THE PL AGUE
I N T H E 1 3 0 0 S , E U R O P E W A S T O R N A PA R T B Y
RELIGIOUS STRIFE, THE BUBONIC PLAGUE, AND
T H E H U N D R E D Y E A R S ’ WA R
AV I G NO N AN D T H E G R E AT
S C H I SM
A CHURCH DIVIDED
• In 1305, French pope is chosen; moves to:
P OP E AN D KI N G C O L LIDE
• Avignon—city in France
• In 1300, Pope Boniface VIII asserts
authority over France’s Philip IV
• In 1378, two popes chosen—one in Rome,
one in Avignon
• Philip has him imprisoned; pope dies soon
after
• “MY MASTER’S SWORD IS MADE OF
STEEL, THE POPE’S IS MADE OF
WORDS”
• Each declares the other false, causing split
called Great Schism
• In 1417, Council of Constance ends
schism, chooses Martin V as pope
THE BUBONIC PLAGUE STRIKES
• Origins and Impact of the Plague
• In 1300s, Europe suffers bubonic plague—extremely deadly disease
• Begins in Asia; spreads to Italy and other countries over trade routes
• About one-third of Europe’s population dies in the epidemic
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kScxc9DPrnY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WK9NeKg4yZ8
EFFECTS OF THE PLAGUE
• Town populations fall, trade declines, prices rise
• Some serfs leave manors for paying work
• Many Jews blamed and killed; Church suffers weakened stature
THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
• England and France
• Hundred Years’ War—lasts from 1337–1453, between England
and France
• English king Edward III claims French throne
• War marks the end of medieval society; change in style of warfare
• The Longbow Changes Warfare
• In 1346, English army with longbows beats much larger French
army
JOAN OF ARC
• Joan of Arc
• French peasant girl who believes in visions of saints
• She leads French army to victory at Orléans; Charles
VII crowned king
• In 1430 England’s allies, the Burgundians, capture Joan
in battle
• The Church condemns Joan as a witch and heretic
• On May 30, 1431, she is burned at the stake
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaixO6NYMps
THE IMPACT OF
THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
• Hundred Years’ War ends in 1453
• France and England experience major changes
• 1. rise in nationalistic feelings; king becomes national leader
• 2. power and prestige of French monarch increases
• 3. religious devotion and the code of chivalry crumbles
• 4. England begins period of turmoil,War of the Roses
• FYI  Some historians consider the end of this war to be the end of The Middle Ages.
• Reasons  The Great Schism, bubonic plague, wealth/power of the church