Transcript medieval-europe_day-2

1.
2.
Please get out your notes.
Please read the excerpt below and answer the
prompt that follows.
Roman Patronage
Roman society also involved a system of patronage. Members
of the upper classes – the patroni – offered protection to
freedmen or plebeians, who became their "cliens." Patronage
might consist of money, food, or legal help. Traditionally, any
freed slaves became the cliens of their former owner.
~http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/order.html
How is this system of Roman patronage reflected in the
feudal society of Medieval Europe?
Lecture on Medieval Europe
HMWK: Read and take notes over the
SPODEK article “Trade and Social
Change in Europe”
APQ Spodek on 11/17 (B-day) & 11/18
(A-day)
 The
economic arrangement between the land owner
(land lord) and their peasant laborers
 MANOR
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Population: majority were serfs (legally bound to the land, but
not slaves)
Paid rent with a large percentage of their goods or services to
the landlord
Compensated with protection
castle, church, village (mill, blacksmith, bake house, etc.) and
surrounding farmland
Buildings based on Roman arch
 Architecture appears “heavy”
 Church interiors were dark

http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31
&l=en&id_site=84&gallery=1&&maxrow
s=56
Technological & Agricultural Development
• Stirrups (military use by Arabs)
• Mold Board (attached to a plow)
• 3-field system
Who were they?
•Scandinavian
•Farmers, seafarers, warriors,
traders
•Polytheistic
https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=Lc225HP2psw
Reasons for raids:
Where did they settle?
•Overpopulation
•Wealth
•Trade
• British Isles
•Normandy
•Iceland
•Vinland
Spoken/written c. 5-12th centuries
12-15th centuries- Middle English
16th century- present- Modern English
Key figures:
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
William, Duke of Normandy
Harold, Duke of Wessex
Edward the Confessor, King of
England
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Harold Hardrada
Tostig
Odo, Bishop of Bayeux
The Battle:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLy1LskT6Y8
Outcomes:
• End of Anglo-Saxon traditions
•Introduction of feudalism
•Blending of French and English languages (leads to
development of modern English)
•Doomsday book
The Records:
The Bayeux Tapestry
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Early Middle Ages c. 500-1000
 Low literacy
 Settlement of Germanic
tribes
 Pastoral nomads and
subsistence farmers
 Led by tribal chieftains
High Middle Ages c. 1000-1450
 Signs of recovery &
organizations
 Growth of towns & cities
 Trade w/eastern hemisphere
reestablished
 Class system gets more
complex (Merchant class)
Filled the power vacuum
left from the collapse of the
classical world.
•United Christian church in East and
West Europe until 1054…
Great Schism (East/West Schism)
•Papal authority over-rides secular
authority
• Excommunication
•Missionaries/Monasticism – Monks
& friars who travel spreading
Christian religion and encouraging
converts
•Literacy – The Church clerics
•Tithe- 1/10 tax on assests
Roman Catholic Church
Jurisdiction: Western Europe
Headquarters: Rome
Leader: Pope
Hierarchy within the clergy:
Pope
Cardinals
Bishops
Priests/Monks

provided schools for the
children of the upper class.
• inns, hospitals, refuge in times
of war.
• libraries & scriptoria to copy
books and illuminate
manuscripts.
• St. Patrick, St. Boniface
(missionaries)
• St. Benedict (529)
 Benedictine Rule of poverty,
chastity, and obedience.
Self- sufficient
Typically under jurisdiction
of a Bishop or Cardinal
Leaders are Abbots and
Abbesses (leaders of
convents; typically answer
to Abbots)
Residents are Monks or
Nuns
Monastic Orders:
•Benedictine
•Franciscan
•Dominican
“Lighter” Architecture made
possible by:
Pointed Arches
Ribbed Vaults
Rose windows
Stained glass
Flying Buttresses
Pointed Spires
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IwKg4ESv
Early Middle Ages- rely on Christianity
and combine with Plato
 High Middle Ages- rediscover Aristotle

Augustine of Hippo•early rhetorician and later Bishop of Hippo
(N. Africa)
•Works on evil and human free will
Boethius•Important for bringing anc. Greek
philosophy to M.A.
Anselm•Provides argumentative theology
•Less about study of scriptures and more
about doctrine
Peter Abelard
•Increases the use of argument and
reasoning in theology
Field becomes more rigorous and precise
Theology and Philosophy are more
distinguishable
Scholasticism:
philosophical and
theological approach of
the M.A. based on the use
of reason/logic to solve
theological problems.
Based in schools and
universities.
Thomas Aquinas•Most famous of
Medieval philosophers
•maintained that reason,
unaided by faith, can
give us knowledge of
God’s existence and an
understanding of
morality as it is
grounded in natural law
 Battle
of Manzikert - Seljuk Turks (Muslims) took over
Anatolia and were threatening Constantinople.
 Emperor Alexius writes to ask Pope Urban II for help
1. Opportunity to expand the influence of the Roman church to the
eastern Mediterranean.
2. Wants an uninterrupted route for Christian pilgrims to the Holy
Land.
3. European knights were constantly fighting amongst each other and
also attacking priests, nuns, and church property. He promised them
forgiveness of their sins (rape, murder, stealing)
It was a win/win situation for the Church
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKhE
w7nD9C4
Emperor Alexius I
For further info on the
Crusades, I
recommend the
following documentary
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=PQ0FFiU
cBzw
Eastern Mediterranean in 11c-12c
 Rise
of nation-states
 Revival of trade
 Contribute to end of feudalism and manorialism
Towns
Guilds
Commercial Monopoly:
 Controlled membership
apprentice  journeyman 
master craftsman
 Controlled quality of the product
[masterpiece].
 Controlled prices
 The
Bubonic plague
reached Europe in the
mid 14th Century and
was responsible for the
deaths of over one-third
of the population
 Was called the Black
Death by Europeans
because of the physical
effects it had on the
body
 Spread to Europe by the
Mongols
https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=rZy6XilXDZQ&index=14&list=PL
E2204FE3E14F153E
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=grbSQ6O6kbs
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Social upheaval ensued
and many blamed Jews
for the calamity accusing
them of contaminating
water wells and spreading
the disease.

The huge population loss
accelerated the end of
serfdom, as a smaller
population meant less
competition for jobs.
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1305 Frenchman elected
Pope.
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The papacy was moved to
Avignon, France
Gives the French king
considerable influence over
the Pope
Effects
 Highlights corruption
 Church’s influence and
prestige weakened
1378 Italian elected
Pope.
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Papacy moves back to
Rome
French elect own Pope
1409 a third Pope was
elected.
 Eventually a new
Church Council deposes
all three Popes

https://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=Ya_BL8nqkUk
The periodic conflicts between England and France
from1337-1453, which resulted in England’s final
withdrawal from French territory.
Notably the French were outnumbered by the
English in most of the battles and the English won
most of the battles yet the French ultimately won
the war.
•Battle of Agincourt= notable English victory
•Historians credit Joan of Arc with rallying the
French, leading men in key battles.
http://europeanhistory.about.com/video/Ov
erview-of-the-Hundred-Years-War.htm
 Centralized
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power in France
Government tax system
 Increased
nationalism
 Changes to military practices
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Standing armies
New weapons (longbow, canons/gunpowder)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u0fu4k2cbB4