Transcript Topic #7 Medieval Christian Europe_ Lessons 5-8

Nation-State Qualifications
1. Territorial integrity
Has a specific geographic territory
2. Stable population
People living permanently within its boundaries
3. Code of laws
People agree to live under laws
4. National sovereignty
Nation state is independent and self-governing
TOPIC # 7:
LESSONS 5-8
Kings, Nobles, and Clergyman
• Nation-state – regions that share a government and are
independent from other states, all share a common
ethnicity & culture
• 1000-1300 – Monarchs begin to centralize their power
away from nobility & the Church
• Undermine feudalism and Church courts
• Organized government bureaucracies, developed tax
systems, and built large standing armies
• Became closer to the middle class & townspeople – not
only demanding loyalty but receiving it
English Kings
• 1066 – Anglo Saxon King Edward dies with no heir
• Brother, Harold, chosen to rule in his stead
• William Duke of Normandy also claimed throne, said
Edward had promised the throne to him
• Rivalry to be settled on the battlefield
• Battle of Hastings – William raises an army, gets backing
by the Pope, defeats Edward at battle of Hastings
• William the Conqueror – crowned king of England on
Christmas day 1066
William’s Power
• William kept up with feudalism – granted fiefs to Church &
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Norman lords (barons)
Monitored who built his castles & his infrastructure,
decisions came through him
Vassals swore allegiance to him prior to any other lord
Complete census taken in 1086 – Domesday Book, listed
every castle, field, and pigpen in England – essentially, a
breakdown of the English population & economy
Helped establish a tax collection system
Then royal exchequer, or treasury, to collect taxes, fees,
fines, and other revenue for the English monarchy
Building blocks of government – revenue and coercion
One System
• 1154 – Henry II inherits English throne
• Strengthens the system of royal justice, sent out traveling
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justices to enforce royal laws
Decisions of the royal courts became the foundations of
English common law – a legal system based on custom and
court rulings
Common law applied to all England, not just certain feudal
areas
Courts benefitted by fees charges at royal courts
Jury – a group of men sworn to speak the truth, determined
which cases to be brought to trial – beginnings of grand juries
in modern society
• Church & Monarchy - Beginnings of a slight rivalry/control for power
as monarchy power grows
• Thomas Becket murdered in his own church for opposing Henry II’s view of
power over the Church
Establishment of English Government
• King John – a son of Henry II, clever, powerful, cruel,
untrustworthy ruler
• John loses a war with King Philip of France in 1205, gave
up lands in Anjou & Normandy
• Problems with the Church
• John rejects Pope’s nominee for archbishop of Canterbury
• Pope excommunicates him, places all of England under the
interdict
• John has to accept that England is a fief of the papacy, pay yearly
fee to Rome
Magna Carta
• Oppressive taxes & authoritarian regime creates a nobility
that despises John
• 1215 – group of nobles force John to sign Magna Carta
• “Great Charter”
• Two essential ideas on government
• Nobles had certain rights – citizens have individual rights
• Principle of Rule of Law – everyone, even the King, is held
accountable by the Law – must obey it
Magna Carta
• Protected citizens from arbitrary arrests, imprisonment,
other legal actions except “by legal judgment of his peers
or by law of the land”
• Establishment of Due process of law – have a right to
answer to crimes accused of, and defend oneself
• Habeas corpus – principle that no person can be held in
prison without first begin charged with a specific
• King agreed to not to raise new taxes without consulting
Great Council of lords and clergy – formation of
republican government
Magna Carta
• Great Council evolves into Parliament, England’s
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legislature
No longer a single dictorial monarch
Two houses – bicameral
House of Lords – nobles and high clergy
House of Commons – knights and middle class
representatives
“power of the purse” the right to approve any new taxes
Parliament – limitation on the power of the monarch,
architect for the foundations of a representative
government
French Monarchs
• Monarchs in France did not rule over a unified Kingdom
• 987 – Hugh Capet elected to fill vacant French throne
• Capetian dynasty lasts for 300 years, made French Kingdom much
more stable
• 1179 – Phillip II became King of France, Philip Augustus
• Massively extended French control in Western Europe, quadrupled
French land holdings
• Paid middle class officials who owed loyalty to him to help run
government, introduced new national tax, created more French
towns
• Ally with the Church, helped Pope put down a rebellion with the
Abligensians
French Monarchs
• 1226 – Louis IX becomes king of France
• Known for his persecution of heretics, Jews, and Muslims –
declared Saint by the Church
• Modeled his rule similar to Charlemagne, sent out officials and
even heard court cases himself to make sure justice was done
• Clash with the Church
• Louis IX’s grandson, Philip IV, massively extends royal power –
clashing with clergy by trying to tax clergy
• Pope Boniface VII claimed supremacy but Philip ignored him and
threatened to arrests clergy members who did not pay tax
• 1305 – New French Pope elected and moved Papal court from
Rome to Avignon France where French could control Papacy much
more – leads to big rivalry back in Rome
Estates General
• Philip gained more support by forming the Estates
General in 1302
• A representative body of the people from all three estates
or “classes” of people – clergy, nobles, and townspeople
• Never became as powerful as Parliament did – no power
of the purse or any balance in the French government
Holy Roman Empire
• Holy cause of being crowned by the Pope
• Roman – heirs to the Roman Empire
• Emperors (mostly German) claimed authority over much
of central and eastern Europe, as well as parts of France
and Italy
• Otto 1st serves as first Holy Roman Emperor
Henry IV
• 1054 Henry IV – Holy Roman Emperor
• Gregory VII is Pope, responsible for several reforms in the
church – wanted the Church to be independent of secular
rulers
• Lay investiture – emperor or lay person (non clergy
member) invested, presented bishops with a ring and staff
that symbolized their office
• Gregory VII made it to where only the Pope had the right
to appoint and install bishops in office
Henry IV
• Henry argues against ruling on the basis of feudalism –
held lands as fiefs, so he felt entitled to give symbols of
office
• Gregory excommunicates Henry, Henry reconciles,
returns to put done rebellious nobles
• Henry leads Army to Rome, forces Gregory to exile
• 1122 – Concordat of Worms – treaty made is clear that
Church has power to elect/invest bishops with spiritual
authority, emperor gives it to them with fiefs
Frederick Barbarossa & Italy
• Holy Roman Emperor – Frederick I, Frederick Barbarossa
• Failed to try to unite the Italian city states to form an
Empire from the Baltic to the Adriatic sea
• Frederick II, grandson, pursued the same dream and fell
short much like his grandfather
• German nobles grew more independent as Holy Roman
Empire grew less powerful
• Germany would not become a nation-state for another
600 years – be a collection of smaller feudal states
Church Reaches the Top
• 1200s – Church reaches peak of political power
• Examples of Church power?
• Pope Innocent III – 1198 takes power of the Church
• Claimed supremacy over all other rulers “Between God
and man, lower than God but higher than men, who
judges all and is judge by no one”
• Innocent placed French kingdom under interdict, when
Philip II of France tried to get out of his marriage
• Launches crusade, holy war, against Albigensians in 1209
• Albigensians, religious group regarded as heretics for
rejecting the Church in southern France
Growth of Education
• Education grows out of need
• Church wants better educated clergy
• Royalty needs educated people in order to run governments
• Education meant a better job usually
• Student life is tough
• Liberal arts style of education, through religious universities
• Education for women came in the form of working/living in
the convent, women often shunned from education in
order to pursue quality family life
“New” Learning
• New translations of Greek works done by Muslims
scholars sparks a revolution in learning
• Christian struggle with new ideas of reason and logic
passed down from Greek scholars
• Scholasticism – used reason to support Christian beliefs,
logic to resolve conflicts in faith
• Thomas Aquinas – scholastic who believed that faith &
reason exist in harmony - Summa Theologica
“New” Learning
• Greek works now being used as methods of study,
Hippocrates on medicine for example
• Slow going due to belief in all Church teachings still
• Beginnings of use of Arabic (Hindu) numbers allows for
growth in mathematics
Medieval Literature
• New writings in vernacular – everyday languages of
ordinary people – allowed for literature to be enjoyed by
greater number of people
• Songs of heroic deeds
• Song of Roland – showcases the courage of one of the
knights for Charlemagne, great example text on Chivalry
• Divine Comedy – written by Dante Alighieri, imaginary
journey into Hell, purgatory, and Heaven
• Summarization of basic Christian ethics, as well as, a quest for
religious understanding on a basic level
More Medieval Literature
• Canterbury Tales – written by Geoffrey Chaucer,
describes a band of pilgrims traveling to Saint Thomas
Becket’s tomb
• Talks about various groups of people throughout the
medieval ages, knights, plowmen, merchants, and monks
• Each story gives details on medieval life through those
characters
New Architecture
• Birth of Gothic style
architecture, known for
flying buttresses – stone
supports that stood outside
the church
• Gothic style, pointed
arches, groin vaults, and
flying buttresses
• Introduction of stained
glass – often done to depict
Biblical references and
Church teachings
Decorations for Devotion
• Altarpieces – religious paintings used to decorate the
Church, meant to inspire devotion
• Illumination – principles of the Gothic style devotion
applied to the decoration of books
• Designs of Biblical scenes and of medieval ones
• Meant to inspire devotion and interpretation, if one could not read,
you would know what the book is commonly about and message
behind it
• Also used in tapestries – woven wall hangings
Byzantine Heritage
• Byzantine Empire was a center for the Hellenistic World,
blend of Greek and Christian philosophy, science,
education, social life, and architecture
• Artworks depicting religious figures inspiring a deeper
connection with faith
• Writing
• Procopius – advisor to general Belisarius, chronicled aspects of
Byzantine Empire
• Secret History – criticized the Justinian and Theodora, “both evildoer and easily led to Evil, never of his own accord speaking the
truth
• Anna Comnena’s Alexiad – first important female historian,
chronicled the reign of her father Alexius I, called Western
crusaders barbarians
Black Death
• Bubonic plague – disease that was spread by fleas
carried by rats
• Not the first time this had broken out; however, is the first
time that the virus effected a vast number of people
• 1200s – Mongol armies conquered much of Asia setting
off new epidemic
• Epidemic – outbreak of rapid-spreading disease
Black Death
• Spread by fleas on rats
• Fleas would jump from rats to travelers and other peoples
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allowing the disease to spread
In China, early 1300s, rats spread the plague across the
major cities allowing fleas to attach to Western travelers
and spread the disease to Europe
35 million died in China
Plague helped to break down societal order in Europe
Christians viewed the disease as a punishment from God
Used corporal punishment to repent of their sins and
blamed the Jews for the disease, leading to the deaths of
many in Europe
Black Death
• Plague causes the economy of Europe to drastically
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decline after thousands of workers, farmers, and business
owners all die
Higher wages were demanded by workers causing
inflation
Inflation – rising prices, the actual worth of currency goes
down
Inflation caused major economic changes, farmland to
sheep land for example, to limit costs
Due to lack of work and fear of the plague, major revolts
occurred throughout Western Europe causing social
upheaval
Black Death
Black Death
Church Kinda Splits Again
• Plague causes major Church practices to be questioned
• In 1309, Pope Clement V moved Papal court to Avignon,
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France – lived a very, rich/lavish lifestyle
Critics blamed the lifestyle of the Papacy as a reason for
the plague
1378 – reformers elect a new Pope to rule from Rome,
French cardinals respond by choosing a rival pope
Causes another schism, or split, with the Church
Soon, three popes would claim to be “Vicar of Christ”,
representative of Christ on Earth
Church Responds
• Council at Constance, Germany Papal crisis ended in
1417 with the election of Pope Martin V, removing all
power from the three previous popes and moving Papacy
back to Rome
John Wycliffe
• Oxford scholar, believed that
Bible, not the Church, is
source of Christian truth
• Believed that if one could
read/had a personal
relationship with God through
the Bible, no corruption in the
govt., no need for one
• Followers of Wycliffe
translated the Bible to English
to help others read it, ideas
later taken to Bohemia by Jan
Hus and led reforms there Hussites
Church Responds
• Church persecutes Wycliffe, followers, and the Hussites
• Hus is tried for heresy, teachings believed to go against
Church teachings, and burned at the stake in 1415
• Wycliffe’s books are burned and his remains dug up and
burned
• Ideas of both Wycliffe and Hus create the beginnings of
the reform movement throughout Western Europe in
regards to the Church
Hundred Years’ War
• Constant struggle for land between the French and
English for years
• England wants to hold onto land of their Norman
ancestors, France wants own power over French lands
• Edward III of England, son of French princess, claims
French crown in 1337 – war erupts
• Conflict over control of the English Channel (small
waterway between England and France) was well, control
trade with the waterway
Hundred Years’ War
• England gets the upper
hand early
• Crecy in 1346
• Poitiers in 1356
• Agincourt in 1415
• Longbow – weapon used
primarily by the English
archers, allowed for
distance range attacks
Joan of Arc
• 1429, 17 year old Joan
of Arc comes to the court
of Charles VII,
uncrowned king of
France – claims to be on
a mission from God to
defeat the English
• Authorized to lead a
small army against
English forces
Joan of Arc
• Joan of Arc was an inspiring military leader for France,
providing a morale boost for soldiers
• In one year – Joan of Arc was responsible for several
French victories – Siege and retaking of French city of
Orleans in stunning fashion
• After more than a year, Charles VII, becomes tired of
Joan’s leadership and promptly withdraws is support of
her
Joan of Arc
• In May 1430, Joan is captured by English allies
• In order to discredit her, and Charles VII & France,
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English clergy put Joan on trial for witchcraft and heresy
Convicted and burned at the stake, she was only 19 year
old
Labeled as a martyr, Joan’s death rallied French forces for
further successes, along with the cannon
By 1453 – English only held the port of Calais, in NW
France
After review of the trial, Church later claims her innocence
and proclaims her to be a saint
Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc
Impact of Hundred Years’ War
• England
• France
• King turned to
Parliament for funds • Allowed French
kings to expand
– helps Parliament
with “power of
their power
purse”, power to
• Grew since of
control money in
national pride in
country
• Loss of English ideas French peoples
of continental empire
on Western Europe
Impact
• New warfare strategies, bow and cannon, made the castle
defense and knight armor obsolete
• Kings now needed armies, not just vassals, to fight –
breaking down of feudalism
• Economic, societal, and educational recoveries all paved
the way for new era’s in European history – Renaissance,
Reformation, and Conquest
The Rise of Russia
• Three Regions make up the geography of Russia
• Northern forest make up the lumber for building and fuel
• Harsh cold climate
• Present day Ukraine, home to Russia’s first civilization
• Steppe – open, treeless grassland
• Network of rivers connected Russia to world of Byzantine
• The Dneiper and the Volga rivers – productive trade routes
Kiev!
• Kiev, present day capital of Ukraine – center of the first
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Russian state
Settled by Slavic people who migrated to the area during
Roman times
Lived in small clans and organized into small political
organizations
Vikings sailed out of Scandinavia and established Kiev as
a vital trade city between them and Constantinople
862 – Rurik, prince of the Varangian tribe called the Rus,
began rule, expanded rule to include Kiev after his death
Kiev!
• Trade brings Kiev in contact with Constantinople
• 800s – Christian missionaries sent to convert Slavs
• 863 – Cyril & Methodius – adapted Greek alphabet in
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order to translate Bible into Slavic tongue
Cyrillic – alphabet created that became the written script
that is still in use today in Russia, Ukraine, Serbia, &
Bulgaria
957 – Princess Olga of Kiev converts to Christianity
Vladimir – her grandson married a sister of the Byzantine
Emperor, spread the religion quickly across Russia
Made Orthodox Christianity the official religion and allied
with Byzantine Empire
Russian Princes Secure Power
• Yaroslav the Wise, Vladimir’s son wins several military
victories for the Byzantine (eastern) church
• Controls church like in Byzantine Empire
• Russian Orthodox Church (splinter church off the main
Eastern Orthodox Church) becomes a pillar of state
power
• Yaroslav orders translation of several religious texts into
Slavic to continue the spread and influence of Christianity
Mongols Rule
• 123-1241 – Batu, grandson of Genghis Khan, led Mongol army
into Russia
• Golden Horde – name of army given to them due to the color of
their tents
• Looted, raided, and burned Russian areas, especially Kiev
• Ruled areas of Russia for about 150 years
• Heavy tribute paid to Mongols
• Tolerant of Russian Orthodox Church
• Absolute power/totalitarian rule of Mongols served as a model
for Russian rulers
• Mongol rule cut contacts with Western Europe, providing
Russia with little contact during the rapid advancements of
science and arts in the West - not many Renaissance
advancements happening
Moscow
• City located near important trade routes, power grew from
there
• Russian Orthodox Church made Moscow the capital, so
Moscow is political center and religious center of Russia
• 1380 – Battle of the Kulikovo – Moscow prices defeated
the Golden Horde weakening the Mongol power in Russia
Ivan the Great
• 1462 – 1505 - Ivan III, Ivan the
Great, brought much of northern
Russia under his rule
• Built framework for absolute rule in
Russia
• Limited the power of the boyars,
great landowning nobles
• Brought in Byzantine court rituals to
show that Russia was the heir to
Byzantine Empire
• Used double-headed eagle as
symbol and referred to himself as
tsar (czar), Russian for Caesar
Ivan the Terrible
• 1547 – Ivan IV, grandson of
Ivan the Great, first Russian
ruler to be crowd tsar
officially
• Centralized power by limiting
privileges of the boyar
families and granted land to
nobles in exchange for
military service
• New laws to tie serfs to land
• 1560 – became increasing
violent following death of his
wife, even killed his own son
• Did away with anyone he
though posed a threat to him
and his rule
• Organized the oprichniki,
agents of terror who enforced
tsar’s will, sacked towns
suspected of disloyalty
• Decorated saddles of a dogs
head and broom to show
their watchfulness and their
ability to sweep away
enemies
Ivan the Terrible
• Abuse of this tsar
power earned title of
Ivan the Terrible
• Died in 1584,
introduced Russia to
extreme absolute
power
Forming of Eastern Europe
• Balkan Peninsula – rough triangular arm of land that juts
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southward into the Mediterranean Sea
Serves as a both a buffer and crossroad for West/East
Europe
European Plain links the region with the steppes of
Russia
Main rivers – Danube and the Vistula
Balkans influenced both by Byzantine Empire and
Ottoman Empire – mix of Byzantine Christianity & Islam
Diversity
• Migration to and from the region allowed Eastern Europe
to flourish for many different types of people
• Slavs spread out from Russia forming Slavic states of
Poland and Czech Republic
• South Slavs occupied the Balkans – ancestors of the
Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
• Ethnic group – large group of people who share the same
language and cultural heritage
Spread of Religion
• Byzantine Empire brings Eastern Orthodox Church to the
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region
Christian German knights bring Roman Catholic Church
to Poland and Czech Republic
Ottoman Empire brings Islam to the region in 1300s
Jewish peoples prospered in the region due to Polish
kings protecting the toleration of Jews
Why did Jews flock to Eastern Europe?
1264 – Prince Boleshaw of Cracow issued charter of
protecting the liberties of Jews, policy remains for nearly
500 years
3 Early Kingdoms
• Poland
• Marriage of Queen Jadwiga & Duke Wladyslaw Jagiello ushers in
Poland’s greatest age in 1386
• Political power more with nobles, not monarch
• Diet – assembly
• King Jan Sobieski breaks ottoman siege of Vienna, last bit of glory for
the old Kingdom
• Hungary
• Magyars settle in area of Hungary and control region
• Hungarian king forced to sign charter of nobles’ rights – Golden Bull of
1222 limits monarchs power
• Ottoman Empire ends Hungarian monarchy with invasion in 1526
• Serbs Balkan Kingdom
• By late 800s, Eastern Orthodox Church has authority in region
• Late 1300s – Serbs est. own state and reaches height with Stefan
Dusan at the helm – models code of law after Justinian
• Battle of Kosovo – Ottoman Turks overrun the Serbs in 1389
Review
• Why were the Jewish peoples able to prosper in Eastern
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Europe, especially Poland?
Who did Stefan Dusan model his rule after?
What allowed for Eastern Europe to flourish as a
place/region for many different types of people?
What two main civilizations/empires influenced the
various countries in the Balkans?
What was the name of the nomadic group that came from
raiding Europe and the Asian steppes to settle in
Hungary?