Transcript The middle ages and renaissance

Objectives:
Explain the importance of Feudalism in the
Middle Ages
Analyze the effects of the Renaissance and how
it spread
Identify the causes and effects of the
Reformation
Why did feudalism develop in Europe?
Middle Ages – the period between the Fall of the Roman Empire and
the modern era about C.E. 476 to 1453
also know as medieval period
I.
Middle Ages
A. collapse of Western Roman Empire
1. people became fear/uncertainty
2. Europeans - no strong central government
3. no army to protect them
4. no common culture and no common belief system
5. many advances of ancient world lost
Medieval Society
II.
Germanic tribes very different from Romans
A. No central government
B. Replaced by small kingdoms
1. roads and water systems not kept up
2. trade declined
3. towns shrank – people headed countryside
4. shift towards farming
5. literacy and educated middle class lost
III. Charlemagne (700’s) controls France and Germany
A. military leader aligns with Pope Leo III
1. crowned emperor in 800 dies 814
IV. Empire divided by grandsons
A. Europe disorderly group small kingdoms
Questions to ask after viewing
1. When did Charlemagne live? (He was born in 742 AD and died in 814 AD.)
2. Who were Charlemagne’s prominent ancestors? (His grandfather was Charles Martel and his father was Pepin the
Short.)
3. When was Charlemagne crowned emperor, and by whom? (on Christmas Day, 800 AD, by Pope Leo III.)
4. What was Charlemagne’s title? (He was the first Holy Roman Emperor.)
5. What was the name of the dynasty ruled by Charlemagne? (The Carolingian Dynasty.)
6. What were some of the major changes Charlemagne instituted in the empire? (He developed a legal code, established
schools modeled after Roman education, encouraged education in monasteries, and campaigned for Europeans to
convert to Christianity.)
7. The Holy Roman Empire during Charlemagne’s rule consisted mainly of which two modern day countries? (France and
Germany)
8. What was the population of the Holy Roman Empire? (about 20 million people)
9. What was Charlemagne’s vision for his empire? (To restore the old Roman
ideals, cultures, laws and education.)
10. Who usually arranged marriages? Who chose Charlemagne’s wife? (Parents usually arranged marriages; Charlemagne
chose his wife himself.)
11. What is the broad definition of “the church” as it apples to the Middle Ages? (general European (and Christian)
society)
12. What was the role of the monastery? (Its role was to provide religious and general education, maintain records and
libraries, serve as a location for business and religious events and provide protection and health services for local
peasants.)
13. What types of jobs did medieval women have? (They performed household duties such as cooking, sewing, weaving
and also served as midwives, apothecaries, blacksmiths, and impromptu soldiers.)
14. Who were the prominent invaders in the 8th and 9th centuries? (The Vikings in Scandinavia; also called the Norsemen
or Normans, some eventually settled in present day Normandy in France.)
15. What were the divisions in Europe and the Middle Ages in the 9th century? (the Latin or Roman West, the Byzantine
East and Islam)
Feudalism
III. Feudalism (9th -14th centuries)
A. King
1. Nobles
a. Lords – powerful landowners gave land to vassals
b. Vassals – served lords
i. Paid taxes to lords in exchange for land (fiefs)
ii. Some vassals were knights
iii. Knights fought for their lords
c. Serfs were peasants
i. worked on noble’s land given housing and protection
IV. Feudalism kept Europe divided
A. Little trade between kingdoms
B. noble’s land center of economic activity
C. main part of noble’s land is called manor
The Role of the Church
V. Roman Catholic Church survives fall of Rome
A. Christianity split into several churches
1. Roman Catholic in Western Roman Empire
a. Church is main source of education during Middle Ages
i. Built universities attended by nobles
b. Becomes Holy Roman Empire
i. confederation of states associated with the Catholic
Church
How did the Renaissance change Europe?
The Renaissance – 300 year period 1300-1600 – rebirth in learning
and art (Ancient Greece and Rome)
I.
The Renaissance
A. Crusades
1. take back the Holy Land from Muslims
2. economic growth, increase in trade (Mediterranean and Middle East)
3. birth of “towns” to supply armies
4. jobs created – loss of power for feudal lords
5. “Black Death” plague killed 1/3 Europe’s population
How did the Renaissance change Europe?
II. The Rebirth of Europe
1. began in city-states increased trade between Italian cities and Middle East
2. Crusades made some wealthy – built palaces
3. birth of “patrons” wealthy or powerful person who provides money, support
and encouragement to an artist or a cause
4. new pride in city-states
III. New “humanity”
1. scholars question the concept of religion
2. “secular” deals with world not religion
3. paintings had both religious themes and contemporary people
4. birth of new “perspective” a technique used by artists to give the appearance
of depth and distance
IV. New languages
1. shift from Latin
How did the Renaissance change Europe?
V. The Renaissance spreads
A. 100 Years War – ended in 1453 (between England and France)
1. war out of the way – trade routes expanded
2. wealthy merchant class developed
3. sponsors of artists and writers
4. northern Europe study of Christianity – criticism of Catholic Church
5. printing press
How did the Renaissance change Europe?
III. Feudalism (9th -14th centuries)
A. King
1. Nobles
a. Lords – powerful landowners gave land to vassals
b. Vassals – served lords
i. Paid taxes to lords in exchange for land (fiefs)
ii. Some vassals were knights
iii. Knights fought for their lords
c. Serfs were peasants
i. worked on noble’s land given housing and protection
IV. Feudalism kept Europe divided
A. Little trade between kingdoms
B. noble’s land center of economic activity
C. main part of noble’s land is called manor
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22.1 The Scientific Revolution
In the mid-1500s, scientists begin to
question accepted beliefs and make new
theories based on experimentation
The Roots of Modern Science
• The Medieval View
– Most knowledge in the
Middle Ages comes from
the Bible and
Greek/Roman sources.
– Supports geocentric
theory—moon, sun,
planets revolve around
earth
The Roots of Modern Science
• A New Way of Thinking
– Renaissance prompts new ways of thinking (13001600)
– Scientific Revolution—new way of viewing the
natural world—based on observation and inquiry
– New discoveries, overseas exploration open up
thinking
– Scholars make new developments in astronomy
and mathematics.
A Revolutionary Model of the Universe
• The Heliocentric Theory
– Widely accepted geocentric
theory challenged as
inaccurate
– Copernicus develops the
heliocentric theory—planets
revolve around the sun
– Later scientists
mathematically prove
Copernicus to be correct
Nicolaus
Copernicus
A Revolutionary Model of the Universe
• Galileo’s Discoveries
– Italian scientist Galileo Galilei
makes key advances in
astronomy.
– He makes discovery about
planet surfaces
– supports heliocentric theory
– 4 moons of Jupiter (Jupiter
has 8 moons)
– Sun spots
Galileo Galilei
• Conflict with the Church
– Church attacks Galileo’s
work, fears it will
weaken people’s faith
– Pope forces Galileo to
declare his and other
new findings are wrong
Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting Galileo
facing the Roman Inquisition
Science and the Church
Galileo’s Theories
• Brought him into direct conflict with the church
• Church leaders pressured him not to support ideas of Copernicus
• Dialogue concerning Two Chief World Systems, 1632, showed support
Trial
• Pope Urban VII ordered Galileo to Rome to stand trial before Inquisition
• Church wanted to stamp out heresy, or dissenting views
• Trial held, April 1633
House Arrest
• Galileo stated would not use Copernican theory in work
• Received lenient sentence in return
• Pope ordered Galileo under house arrest, where he spent rest of life
The Scientific Method
• A Logical Approach
• Revolution in thinking leads to development of scientific
method—a series of steps for forming and testing scientific
theories
* urges scientists to experiment before drawing
conclusions
* using logic and math to reason out basic truths
Find the Main Idea
What was the Scientific Revolution?
Answer(s): a new way of thinking about the natural
world that challenged traditional views and instead
relied upon experimentation
Draw Conclusions
How did the Scientific Revolution have an
impact beyond the realm of science?
Answer(s): led people to question the Church; inspired
great artistic achievements; led to new ideas about
government, religion, education, and economics.
The French Revolution
& Napoleon
On the Eve of Revolution
• Summary:
– Social unrest, government debt, and food
shortages contributed to the outbreak of the
French Revolution in 1789
On the Eve of Revolution
• Since the Middle Ages, everyone in France had
belonged to one of the three social classes, called
Estates
– The 1st Estate – Clergy
– The 2nd Estate – Nobles
– The 3rd Estate – Peasants
100
80
60
1st Estate
2nd Estate
3rd Estate
40
20
0
Prrecentage of French
population
On the Eve of Revolution
• The 1st & 2nd Estates were rich and powerful
– They had many special privileges
• For example, they did not have to pay taxes
–They made up about 2% of the total
population of France
70
60
50
40
1st Estate
2nd Estate
3rd Estate
30
20
10
0
Land Ownership
On the Eve of Revolution
• Most (98%) of French people belonged to the
3rd Estate
– Although they were poor, their tax burden
was the heaviest
On the Eve of Revolution
• In 1789, France faced several crises
– For many years the French government had been
spending more money than it had earned
– Bad harvests caused food prices to rise
• Many peasants did not have enough to eat
–In towns and in the countryside, starving
people rioted
On the Eve of Revolution
• To deal with these problems, King Louis XVI met with
the leaders of the 3 Estates
– Most common people wanted financial relief, but
the elected members of the Third Estate wanted
government reform
On the Eve of Revolution
• After weeks of meetings, its leaders took a daring
step
– They created a new government called the
National Assembly
• Some reform-minded nobles and clergy joined
them
On the Eve of Revolution
• The National Assembly promised to write a new
constitution for France
– However, dangerous rumors, increasing food
shortages, and an attack on the Bastille (a Parisian
political prison) kept the problems from being
solved
• A violent revolution was starting
Creating a New France
• Summary:
– The National Assembly instituted political and
social reforms in the early stages of the revolution
Creating a New France
• In 1789, a terrible famine occurred in France
– Starving peasants attacked the homes of nobles
Creating a New France
• Revolutionary groups took over Paris and
demanded an end to the monarchy
– Finally Nobles agreed to give up their
special privileges
Creating a New France
• The National Assembly began making reforms
– They agreed to abolish feudalism
– In 1791, the assembly finished writing a
new constitution that used Enlightenment
ideas
Creating a New France
• Under this constitution, people had natural
rights and the government had to protect
those rights
– The constitution created a limited
monarchy
• The assembly also reformed French laws
and supported trade
Declaration
of the Rights
of Man and
the Citizen
Creating a New France
• But when the assembly took control of the
French Catholic Church and sold its lands to
pay back the government’s debt, the pope,
clergy, and many peasants rejected the
revolution
National
Assembly
Creating a New France
• Other groups, however, wanted even more
changes
– Violent disagreements soon caused the
downfall of the assembly
Creating a New France
• News about the French Revolution spread
across Europe
– While many Europeans supported the
revolution, rulers and nobles were afraid
that revolutionary ideas would spread to
their own countries
Creating a New France
• After the French king and his family made an
unsuccessful attempt to flee, the king of
Prussia promised he would fight to save the
French monarchy
Creating a New France
• In 1792, France declared war on Austria,
Prussia, Britain, and several other European
states
– The fighting lasted for over 20 years
Radical Days
• Summary:
– The French Revolution, driven by leaders
determined to preserve and extend the
revolution, entered a radical phrase
Radical Days
• The war with other European powers went
badly for the French forces
– People thought the king was helping the
enemy
• Mobs attacked the kings guards and
killed nobles
Radical Days
• Radical revolutionaries, supported by Paris
crowds, took control of the Assembly in 1792
– These radicals ended the monarchy, made
France a republic, and wrote another
constitution
• In 1793, they executed, or put to death,
the king and queen for treason
Radical Days
• By 1793, France was at war with most of
Europe
– Within France peasants rioted for food, and
revolutionary groups fought against each
another
• To restore order, the new government set
up the Committee of Public Safety, which
had absolute power
Radical Days
• Using a new invention, called the Guillotine, the
Committee, led by Maximilien Robespierre,
beheaded thousands of people for treason, even
supporters of the revolution were sometimes
killed to set an example
– Thousands more people were put in prison
• This period is called the Reign of Terror
Radical Days
• By 1799, life in France had changed
– The Monarchy and the old class system
were gone
• The government controlled the church
– The French people began to feel proud of France
» This feeling of pride is called Nationalism
Radical Days
• The new government continued to make
important reforms
– It set up school for children and organized a
system to care for the poor
– Slavery in the French colonies ended
– Religious tolerance became the law
The Age of Napoleon Begins
• Summary:
– Napoleon built a large empire by annexing
lands, making alliances, and placing family
members on the thrones of Europe
The Age of Napoleon Begins
• When the French Revolution started, Lt.
Napoleon Bonaparte began to earn rapid
promotions
– He led the French army in victories
over Britain and Austria
The Age of Napoleon Begins
• A general by 1799, Napoleon helped to
overthrow the French government
– He organized a new government and put
himself in charge
– Five years later he took the title Emperor of
the French
• At each step of his rise of power, the
French voted their support
The Age of Napoleon Begins
• The policies that Napoleon set up show why
he was so popular
– He strengthen the French government and
restored order
– He improved the economy and encouraged
new industry
– He built roads and canals and supported
public education
The Age of Napoleon Begins
• Some of Napoleon’s reforms continued the
spirit of the revolution
– Peasants could legally keep the Church
lands they bought
– Careers were opened to anyone with ability
The Age of Napoleon Begins
• One of his most important reforms was a new
set of laws called the Napoleonic Code
– These laws included many enlightenment
ideas but undid some reforms of the
revolution
The Age of Napoleon Begins
• From 1804 to 1814, Napoleon defeated the
greatest nations of Europe an built an empire
– He conquered the Netherlands, Belgium,
and parts of Italy and Germany
– He ended the Holy Roman Empire and
divided Prussia
The Age of Napoleon Begins
• Napoleon replaced the monarchs of defeated
nations with his friends and family
– Only Britain remained outside Napoleon’s
empire
The Age of Napoleon Begins
The End of An Era
• Summary:
– After suffering defeat, Napoleon was
removed from power
– European leaders restored peace and
redrew the map of Europe
The End of An Era
• Under Napoleon, French armies spread the
ideas of the French Revolution across Europe
– The French overthrew European monarchs
and set up their own governments
• They also reduced the power of the
Church and ended serfdom
The End of An Era
• Many Europeans welcomed the ideas of the
French Revolution
– However, they did not welcome the
French rulers
– Nationalism caused conquered people to
reject French control
• From Italy to Spain to the Netherlands,
people rebelled against the French
The End of An Era
• The end of the empire began in 1812 when
Napoleon invaded Russia
– The invasion was a disaster
– Many French soldiers died during the long
Russian winter
The End of An Era
• The following year, an alliance of Russia,
Britain, Austria, and Prussia defeated
Napoleon at the town of Leipzig and forced
him to live on an island in the Mediterranean
The End of An Era
• After the defeat of Napoleon, European
leaders met at the Congress of Vienna
– They hoped to create peace after 25 years
of war
• One of their goals was to return Europe
to the way it was in 1792, before
Napoleon
The End of An Era
• To accomplish this goal they gave power back to the
monarchs of Europe
– The leaders of Europe also took steps to create a
balance of power
• To prevent France from going to war again, they
strengthened the countries around it
• To protect the new order, European states
formed a peacekeeping organization
• The peace lasted 100 years
The End of An Era
The Congress of Vienna
Goal
Action
To prevent France from going
to war again
Strengthen countries around
France
To return Europe to the way it
was in 1792, before Napoleon
Give power back to the
monarchs of Europe
To protect the new system and Create the Concert of Europe,
maintain peace
an organization to maintain
peace in Europe