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High and Late Middle Ages Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church Monarchs begin to centralize power. Organize government bureaucracies Developed tax systems Built standing armies. Monarchs Create ties with the townspeople of the middle class. Townspeople, support Monarchs Trade increases William the Conquer – From France Was promised the throne by King Edward. William raised an army and won the backing of the pope. At the Battle of Hastings, William and his Norman knights triumphed over Harold. – Ed’s Brother-in-Law Became king of England on Christmas Day 1066. Blended Norman French and Anglo-Saxon customs, languages, and traditions. Granted large amounts of land to himself King Henry II Expanded accepted customs into law and sent justices out to enforce these royal laws. The decisions of the royal courts became the foundation of English common law, a legal system based on custom and court rulings. Common law applied to all of England. In time, people brought their disputes to royal courts rather than to those of nobles or the Church. Jury system developed. The World in 1050 Western Europe was emerging from a period of isolation The religion of Islam had given rise to a brilliant civilization that stretched from Spain to India India East Asia, and West Africa were building the great trading empire. Byzantine - prosperous and united. I The Crusades Goal – Recapture the Holy Land – Make Pilgrimage safe. Only the First Crusade came close to achieving its goals. Christian knights captured Jerusalem in 1099. They capped their victory with a massacre of Muslim and Jewish residents of the city. The Crusades continued, off and on, for over 200 years. Muslims recapture Jerusalem which leads to the 3rd Crusade Saladin did reopen the holy city to Christian pilgrims Pope Urban II The Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for Christian knights to help him fight the Muslim Turks Impact of the Crusades The Crusades breed religious hatred. Jews, Christians, and Muslims committed violence through Europe and the Middle East. European economies expand Trade increased and expanded because of the traveling knights. Merchants use their fleets to carry goods instead of Crusaders to and from Middle East. The Crusades further encouraged the growth of a money economy. Effects on Monarchs and the Church The Crusades helped to increase the power of monarchs. Enthusiasm for the Crusades brought papal power to its greatest height. Crusades did not end the split between the Roman and Byzantine churches as Pope Urban had hoped. Constantinople was conquered and looted in the Fourth Crusade by Western Crusaders Worldview Evolves Marco Polo, set out for China. Returned to Venice and wrote a book about the wonders of Chinese civilization. In the 1400s, a desire to trade directly with India and China would lead Europeans to a new age of exploration King John Lost a war with Philip II and had to give up lands in France. John rejected the pope’s nominee for archbishop of Canterbury, the pope excommunicated him. The Magna Carta John upset the nobles taxes. 1215, a group of barons forced John to sign the Magna Carta, or great charter. Magna Carta 1. Nobles had certain rights will be extended to all English citizens. 2.The monarch must obey the law. 3. habeas corpus - the principle that no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime. The Development of Parliament English rulers often called on the Great Council for advice. -Evolved into Parliament House of Lords – Lords and Clergy House of Commons knights and middle class citizens Parliament gained the right to approve any new taxes. Parliament could limit the power of the monarch The Capetian Kings Nobles elected Hugh Capet, to fill French throne. Thought he would be a weak king. Capetian King they made the throne hereditary Added to their Lands – Destroyed Noble Power Won the support of the Church. Created a bureaucracy. Government officials collected taxes Imposed royal law Philip Augustus Paid middle-class officials to fill government positions instead of nobles. – More loyal Philip gained control of English-ruled lands in Normandy and Anjou. – From King John Philip had become the most powerful ruler in Europe Louis IX persecuted heretics and Jews Led French knights in two Crusade, against Muslims. By the time of his death in 1270, France was emerging as an efficient centralized monarchy Forming the Estates General This body had representatives from all three estates, or classes of French society: clergy, nobles, and townspeople. never controlled the money of France (Parliament) Holy Roman Empire Conflicts had arisen between secular rulers and Church officials. The longest and most destructive struggle pitted popes against the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire, who ruled vast lands from Germany to Italy. Otto I Worked closely with the Church. Appointed bishops to top government jobs. helped the pope defeat rebellious Roman nobles. Crowned by the Pope Called Holy Roman emperor Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII Pope banned the practice of lay investiture. Emperors could not appointed install bishops in office. Gregory excommunicated Henry. Henry repents his sins to the Pope Took revenge on Gregory by leading an army to Rome and forcing the pope into exile Concordat of Worms This treaty declared that the Church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority. The emperor, however, still invested them with fiefs. Papal Supremacy Pope Innocent claimed supremacy over all other rulers.. Innocent strengthened papal power within the Church He extended the Papal States Education in the Middle Ages As economic and political conditions improved need for education expanded. Medical schools Law schools Medieval Literature Spain - Poem of the Cid - a Christian lord who fought both with and against Muslim forces. Divine Comedy - Dante Alighieri – an imaginary journey into hell and purgatory, where souls await forgiveness. Canterbury Tales, the English writer Geoffrey Chaucer describes a band of pilgrims traveling to Saint Thomas Becket’s tomb. Art and Architecture Gothic style European architecture that developed in the Middle Ages, characterized by flying buttresses, thin walls, and high roofs Stain glass windows - pictures depicting the life of Jesus. helped educate the people who were unable to read. Black Death 1 in 3 people died Hit western Europe through Italy then spread to Spain and France. Where did the Black Death come from? spread by fleas carried by rats. A strain survived in Mongolia Mongol armies conquered much of Asia, probably setting off the new epidemic Fleas jumped on rats and infest the clothes and packs of traders traveling west. The disease quickly spread from Asia to the Middle East and then to Europe. Impact of the Plague Normal life breaks down – People turn to witchcraft. Some thought the Plague was God’s Punishment Jews blamed for the plague and killed Inflation Riots Rise of the Middle Class The black plague brought about a new middle class This class was made of merchants and traders To help regulate the craftsmen guilds were developed Guilds: 1. Set standard of quality 2. Control wages and prices 3. Train apprentices The Church Splits Pope Clement V had moved the papal court to Avignon, France. Another pope was elected to rule from Rome. Schism in the Church. 1417 - removed authority from all popes and elected Pope Martin V – to the papacy to Rome. Hundred Years’ War 1337 and 1453 English rulers wanted to hold on to French lands of their Norman ancestors. French kings wanted to extend their own power in France. England and France were also rivals for control of the English Channel, Joan of Arc 1429 - France 17-year-old peasant woman appeared at the court of Charles VII, She told him that God had sent her to save France. Charles authorized her to lead an army against the English. She was taken captive by allies of the English Went on trial for witchcraft She was convicted and burned at the stake. Later declared a saint. Impact of the Hundred Years’ War French Kings gained power Parliament gained power the more deadly firepower of the longbow and the cannon. Monarchs used large armies, not feudal vassals, to fight their wars. As Europe recovered from the Black Death - population expanded - manufacturing grew - Trade increased Italian cities flourished as centers of trade and shipping.