Transcript document

The Rise of Medieval Europe
Medieval Europe
Collapse of the Roman Empire
• In 476 AD when the Roman Empire fell
in the West:
• Political system.
• Economic system
• Trade
•
•
•
•
Legal System
Infrastructure
Education
Urban areas
Frankish rulers
• Merovingian Rulers (400-700 AD)
• Clovis
• 1st Germanic ruler to accept Christianity
• Charles Martel (AKA “The Hammer”)
• Stopped spread of Islam in 732 at Battle of
Tours in France
• Pepin the Short
• Anointed by the Pope and supported the
Christian Church
• Took lands from the Byzantine Empire
Charlemagne
• Charles the Great
• Doubled his
kingdom-became
known as the
Frankish Empire
• Established schools
for his people
• Used bureaucracy
(Counts) to help run
the empire
• Missi dominici –
inspections
Frankish Empire
Death of Charlemagne
• Empire divided up when Charlemagne
died in 814 AD
• Empire passed to his son, Louis the
Pious
• Louis’ three sons fight over the land and
the empire is divided up into three
kingdoms
• The sons got land that would later become
France, Germany, and parts of Italy
Invasion from the North
The Vikings or Norsemen
Invasions from the North
• Norsemen from Scandinavia began in
the 800’s AD
• Going a-viking
• Fierce fighters known for their surprise attacks
• Originally left in search of new lands to
populate
• Vikings were important because they
conducted long distance trade throughout
Europe and the Mediterranean
• Eventually, the Norsemen began to settle
down and establish territories. Normandy
and England.
A New Europe
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cities became isolated
Constant invasion by foreign armies
Trade declined
Education stopped
Economies collapsed
No real central control of government
Medieval Life
• A new political system developed in
Europe from 900-1100 – Feudalism
• Feudalism was based on alliances
between the kings and nobles
• Land was given to the nobles in exchange
for:
• Loyalty
• Military aid
• Land also came with peasants to work the
land.
Feudal Relationships
• Kings gave fiefs (land) to nobles
• The nobles would then provide the king
with knights and soldiers when
necessary
• These nobles were called vassals
• Vassals could pledge alliance to more than
one noble
• This could pose a problem if the vassal
had more than one alliance and the nobles
fought against each other
Feudal Obligations
• Vassals performed homage to the lord.
• These were ceremonies and services
• The most important was military
service.
• In addition, the vassal would agree to
host the lord when he came visiting and
would pay for the lord’s son to become
a knight or contribute to the lord’s
eldest daughter when she married.
Castes for Defense
• A lack of a strong
central government
meant that wars
occurred frequently.
• The lords often built
castles to protect
their subjects.
Life of Nobility
• Lord and Lady of the Manor
• Unlimited power on the manor
• Most nobles were also knights.
• Process of becoming a knight
• Page (age 7)
• Squire (age 15)
• Knight
• Code of Chivalry
Knighthood
Manorial System
Life on the Manor
• Work on the manor
was done by the
serfs
• Serfs were tied to
the land and could
not leave without
permission from the
lord of the manor.
Increased Production
• Three field system
• Fallow field
• Mouldboard plow
• Horse collar
The Medieval Church
• During the Middle Ages, the Catholic
Church was the center of most people’s
lives.
• The Church became an important
institution after the fall of the Roman
Empire.
• The Pope had become an important
political leader.
Religious Role
• The Church taught that all people were
sinners and needs God’s grace.
• The only way to win this grace was
through the Sacraments
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Baptism
Penance
Eucharist
Confirmation
Matrimony
Anointing of the sick
Holy orders
Religious Role (Con’t)
• During the Middle Ages, people had a
limited understanding of church rituals.
• Services were conducted in Latin
• Many priests were poorly educated
• Most of the people were illiterate
• The average person learned about the
church through the church itself.
The Cathedal
Church Organization
• Church hierarchy
• Pope, Bishops, and Priests lived in
saeculo or in the world
• Other clergy lived regula or by rules.
These were monks and nuns that lived
away from society.
Monastic Life
• Benedict
• Monte Cassino
• Monks took a vow of
poverty, chastity, and
follow the rules f the
abbot or head of the
monastery.
• Monks led simple lives.
• Wore robes made of
course material tied with
a rope
• Ate one or two meals a
day
• Some took vows of
silence
Monastic Life (Con’t)
• Women could join
religious orders
under the direction
of an abbess.
• Called nuns
• Wore simple clothes
• Worked by spinning,
weaving, and
embroidering
material
Influence of Monastics
• Monks copies books
by hand
• Monasteries and
convents provide
•
•
•
•
Schools
Hospitals
Food for poor
Lodging for travelers
• Some monks and
nuns spread the
religion to nonChristians.
Power of the Church
• Political power
• Church could prevent rulers from leading
• Church had its own laws (Canon Law)
• Financial Power
• Tax exempt
• Received tithes
• Simony
• High Church officials were knights
Church Reforms
• By 900, Christians began to call for
reforms
• Move away from feudal control of the
Church
• 1059, Cardinals would now elect the
Pope
• Church, not nobles appointed Church
officials
• 1073-Investiture Controversy
• Gregory VII and Henry IV fight over who
could appoint bishops
• Papal Bull of Church Infallibility
Fighting Heresy
• 1215, Pope
Innocent III
attempted to stop
abuses by church
officials
• Heresy – denial of
basic church
teachings
• Excommunication =
expulsion from the
Church
Inquisition
Friars Inspire Reforms
• 1200 Friars (wandering preachers)
restored the public faith in the Church
• Friars lived simply
• Worked out among the people
• Preached Christianity to the people
• Francis of Assisi
• Franciscan Order
• Dominic
• Dominican Order
The Jews
• Early Middle Ages-Christians and Jews lived
together in peace.
• By 1000, Jews became the target of blame
for plagues, famines, and other social ills.
• Church leaders began to blame the Jews for
the death of Jesus
• Jews became persecuted throughout Europe
• In the late 1200’s the Jews began to move
into areas that protected them (Eastern
Europe)
Rise of European Monarchy
• England
• After the fall of Rome, Angles, Jutes, and
Saxons invaded England
• By 886, King Alfred the Great had
defeated the Danes and established an
Anglo-Saxon kingdom known as
“Angleland”
• Alfred was much like Charlemagne. He
was interested in learning and built
schools throughout his kingdom
• The last Anglo-Saxon king was Edward
the Confessor who died in 1066
Norman Conquest
• One of the people that claimed the
throne after Edward’s death was
William of Normandy
• In October 1066, William invaded
England with 6,000 soldiers
• He met Harold Godwinson at the Battle
of Hastings
• William’s armies won the battle and he
became known as William the
Conqueror
Battle of Hastings 1066
William the Conqueror
William’s Reign
• William replaced Anglo-Saxon
landowners with Norman vassals
• Set up a system to collect taxes
through sheriffs
• He conducted the first census in
western Europe to see what could be
taxed in his new kingdom. This census
was recorded in the Domesday Book
• Over the next 300 years Norman and
Anglo-Saxon culture blended
Royal Power
• Henry II, William’s Grandson set up a
system of common laws for all
• Circuit Judges
• Grand jury
• Petit jury
• Henry tired to bring the church under
his royal laws. The brought him in
conflict with the Archbishop of
Canterbury, Thomas a Becket
Murder of Becket 1170
Royal Power
• Henry ruled parts of France with his
wife Eleanor of Aquitaine.
• Henry had two sons, Richard I and
John
• While Richard was off fighting in the 3rd
Crusade, John was left to rule England
• During John’s reign as king, England
lost lands in France.
• He increased taxes and began to throw
nobles in prison for treason.
1215 Magna Carta
• Great Charter
• Set clear limits on
the power of the
king
• Prevented the king
from raising taxes
without the consent
of the nobles
• Assured freemen of
their right to trial by
jury
• Great CouncilParliament
France
• Carolinginian Dynasty
• Capetian Dynasty 987
• Hugh Capet
• Established self-rule of towns, freeing
them
from feudal obligations
• Philip II (Philip Augustus) 1180-1223
•
•
•
•
Doubled the size of the kingdom
Appointed local officials loyal to him
Formed a royal army
Reduced the power of feudal lords
France
• Louis IX (1226)
•
•
•
•
Made royal courts dominant over feudal courts
Took power to coin money away from feudal lords
Banned private wars and the right to bear arms
Considered very religious
• Philip IV (Philip the Fair)
• Louis’ grandson
• Fought both England and Flanders for trade and
land
• Summoned the Estates-General and attempted to
use it to raise taxes on a national level
• Raised taxes on all including the church
Holy Roman Empire
• Present day Germany
• Never really powerful due to numerous
German nobles that controlled their
lands
• Henry IV and Gregory VII – Investiture
Controversy