Transcript File

Chapter 6 Crusades and Culture
in the Middle Ages
p. 105
Vocab
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Lay investiture
Interdict
Sacrament
Heresy
Relics
Since the 5th century, the popes of the
Catholic Church had claimed supremacy over
the affairs of the Church. They had also
gained control over territories in central Italy
that came to be known as the Papal States.
This control kept the popes involved in
political matters often at the expense of their
spiritual duties.
Lay investiture- non church members
choosing church officials and giving them the
symbols of their office. That way they had a
vassal duty to their lord.
Pope Gregory VII wanted the church to be
free to appoint it's own clergy and run it's own
affairs.
The furious young German emperor, Henry IV,
immediately called a meeting of the German
bishops he had appointed. With their approval,
the emperor ordered Gregory to step down from
the papacy. Gregory then excommunicated
Henry. The struggle between Henry the IV and
Gregory VII was known as the Investiture
Controversy.
Afterwards, German bishops and princes sided
with the pope. To save his throne, Henry tried
to win the pope's forgiveness.
The successors of Gregory and Henry
continued to fight over lay investiture until
1122.
That year, representatives of the Church and
the emperor met in the German city of Worms
(wurms). They reached a compromise known
as the Concordat of Worms.
By its terms, the Church alone could appoint a
bishop, but the emperor could veto the
appointment.
Medieval Christians' everyday lives were harsh.
Still, they could all follow the same path to
salvation-everlasting life in heaven. Priests and
other clergy administered the sacraments, or
important religious ceremonies. These rites paved
the way for achieving salvation.
•Baptism
Holy Orders
Confirmation
Matrimony
Eucharist
Last Rites
Penance
Popes used the threat of excommunication, or
banishment from the Church, to wield power
over political rulers.
If an excommunicated king continued to disobey
the pope, the pope, in turn, could use an even
more frightening weapon, the interdict.
Under an interdict, forbids a priest from giving
the sacraments to a certain group of people (for
instance anyone living in the land of a
disobedient king). As Christians, the kings
subjects believed that without such sacraments
they might be doomed to hell.
Section 1 Review
1. What was the struggle between Henry the IV
and Gregory VII known as?
2. What is the Lay Investiture?
3. What forbids priests from giving the
sacraments to a certain group of people?
.
In the 11th century, excommunication and the
possible threat of an interdict would force a
German emperor to submit to the pope's
commands. King of France took back his wife
cuz Pope put pressure on him.
One of the most important
new orders of the Middle
Ages was the Cistercian
order. It was founded in
1098 by a group of monks
who were unhappy with the
lack of discipline at their
own Benedictine monastery.
They took religion to the
people outside the
monastery.
Most women who became nuns were from the
aristocracy, from families who were unable or
unwilling to find husbands for their daughters
or girls who refused to marry or widows.
Were most of the learned women were found.
Hildegard of Bingen-Gregorian chant
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGP6p_j_XfI&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a
EI1QrZINeg
Another group of monks called the
Franciscans was started by St. Francis of
Assissi. They lived among the people,
preaching repentance and aiding the people.
Another group the Dominicans wanted to
defend the church from heresy - the denial of
basic church doctrines. The became the
examiners of people suspected of heresy.
The Inquisition was a court created by the
Catholic Church to find a try heretics.
Heretics were people whose religious beliefs
differed from the teachings of the Church.
The Christians of the thirteenth century
believed the only path to salvation was
through the Church. To them, heresy was a
crime against God and against humanity. In
their minds, using force (torture) to save souls
from damnation was the right thing to do.
Only clergy could administer rites necessary
for salvation. Saints were believed to be able
to ask for favors before the throne of God for
people who prayed to them. Relics=bones or
objects connected to saints became very
important. A connection between earthly
world and God.
Christians believed that a pilgrimage to a holy
shrine produced a spiritual benefit. Jerusalem
or Rome.
Section 1 Review
1. What was the struggle between Henry the IV
and Gregory VII known as?
2. What is the Lay Investiture?
3. What forbids priests from giving the
sacraments to a certain group of people?
.
Review con’t
4. Why was the Cistercian order created?
5. What did the Christians of the thirteenth
century believe they were justified in using to
save souls?
6. What is the name of the court created by the
Catholic Church to find and try heretics?
Crash Course Crusades 11.5 min
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0zudTQel
zI&list=PLKLr2j6n8lJMmWJI60M2OEdYqyu
dTzFUr&safe=active
Byzantine emperor
Alexius I, the man that
started the crusades!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
SLidFSx47-o&safe=active
Watch first 1.5 min
The push for the Crusades came when, in
1093, the Byzantine emperor Alexius I asked
for help. The emperor asked for help against
the Muslim Turks.
Pope Urban II also read that letter. Shortly
after this appeal, he issued a call for what her
termed a "holy war," a Crusade to gain control
of the Holy Land. Over the next 300 years, a
number of such Crusades were launched.
The Crusades had economic, social,
and political goals as well as religious
motives. Muslims controlled Palestine (the
Holy Land) and threatened Constantinople.
The Byzantine emperor in
Constantinople appealed to Christians
to stop Muslim attacks, to free
Jerusalem from the infidels, the
unbelivers. In addition, the pope
wanted to reclaim Palestine and
reunite Christendom, which had split
into Eastern and Western branches in
1054.
Pope Urban's call brought a tremendous
outpouring of religious feeling and support for
the Crusade. According to the pope, those who
died on Crusade were assured of a place in
heaven. With red crosses sewn on tunics
worn over their armor and the battle cry of
"God wills it!" on their lips, knights and
commoners were fired by religious zeal and
became Crusaders. Pope promised “all who
die shall have immediate forgiveness of sins”
The Crusaders were ill-prepared for war in this
First Crusade. Many
know nothing about the geography, climate, or
culture of the Holy Land. They had no grand
strategy to capture Jerusalem.
The Crusaders besieged the city for over a
month. On July 15, 1099, the Crusaders
captured the city amid a horrible massacre of
its inhabitants. (they killed Muslim and Jewmen, women and children)
All in all, the Crusaders had won a narrow
strip of land. It stretched about 650 miles from
Edessa in the north to Jerusalem in the south.
The Crusaders' states were extremely
vulnerable to Muslim counterattack. In 1144,
Edessa was reconquered by the Turks.
Shoulder Buddy Q?
Which Pope called for the first Crusade?
The Second Crusade
The Second Crusade was organized to
recapture the city. But its armies straggled
home in defeat. In 1187, Europeans were
shocked to learn that Jerusalem itself had
fallen to a Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader
Saladin.
The Third Crusade
Third Crusade to recapture Jerusalem was led
by three of Europe's most powerful monarchs
Phillip II (Augustus), of France
Frederick I (Barbossa), German
emperor
Richard the Lion-Hearted, King of
England
Phillip argued with Richard and went home.
Barbossa drowned on the journey. So, Richard
was left to lead the Crusaders in an attempt to
regain the Holy Land from Saladin.
Saladin led the Muslim forces during the Third
Crusade to retake Jerusalem from the
Crusaders.
Saladin
Richard the Lion-Hearted, King of
England
Both Richard and Saladin were brilliant
warriors. After many battles, the two agreed to
a truce in 1192. Jerusalem remained under
Muslim control. In return, Saladin promised
that unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely
visit the city's holy places.
Remember 1st Crusade massacre? So, this was
more than fair.
The Fourth Crusade
In 1204, the Fourth Crusade to capture
Jerusalem failed. The knights did not reach
the Holy Land. Instead, they ended up
looting the city of Constantinople. This added
to the division between the Eastern Orthodox
Church and the Catholic Church.
In the 1200's, four more Crusades to free the
holy land were also unsuccessful. The
religious spirit of the First Crusade faded and
the search for personal gain grew, $$$$.
In two later Crusades, armies marched not to
the Holy Land but to Egypt. The Crusaders
intended to weaken Muslim forces before
going to the Holy Land. But non of these
attempts conquered much land.
The Children's Crusade
The Children's Crusade took place in 1212.
Thousands of children set out to conquer
Jerusalem. One group in France was led by 12year-old Stephen of Cloyes. An estimated
30,000 children under 18 joined him. They were
armed only with the belief that God would give
them Jerusalem. On their march south to the
Mediterranean, many died from cold and
starvation. The rest drowned at sea or were
sold into slavery.
Really!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
V8PPe8snkmA&safe=active
5 min horrible histories
Impact of Crusades:-Italian port cities
prospered, Jews became subject to
persecution, the breakdown of feudalism.
Nobles sold land and freed their serfs to join
crusades. Nobles lost power-king created
stronger central governments.
3 nations emerge-Spain, England and France.
1. When did the push for the
Crusades come?
2. Who led the Muslim forces
during the Third Crusade to
retake Jerusalem form the
crusaders?
6.3 page 117
Romanesque churches are typified by the
cross-form of the ground plan, as well as a
variety of structural forms, the great number
of towers and with elements of fortification.
During the medieval period most people
worshiped in small churches near their
homes. Larger churches called cathedrals
were built in city areas.
stone ceilings
was very heavy
weight of the ceilings would tend to buckle
the walls outward
large piles of stone would be stacked along
the wall in intervals to buttress
Barrel Vault
Romanesque
Before the invention of the Gothic flying
buttress, medieval churches had very thick
walls and few windows. This style was
called Romanesque.
A new spirit in the church and access to
more money from the growing wealth of
towns and from trade helped fuel the
building of churches in several European
countries. In the early 1100's, a new style of
architecture, known as Gothic, evolved
throughout medieval Europe.
Flying Buttress
The term Gothic comes from a Germanic
tribe named the Goths. Unlike the heavy,
gloomy Romanesque buildings, Gothic
cathedrals thrust upward as if reaching
toward heaven. Light streamed in through
huge stained glass windows.
Other arts of the medieval world were
evident around or in the Gothic cathedralsculpture, wood-carvings, and stained glass
windows. All of these elements were meant
to inspire the worshiper with the
magnificence of God.
Kings, Popes and Princes thought it
honorable to found new universities. By
1500 there were 80 universities in Europe.
Students began their studies with a liberal
arts course of study. When this was
completed they could go on to study law,
medicine, or theology. Theology is the
study of God and religion. (10 years) If
they passed their exams (all given at very
end) they were awarded doctor's degree.
Scholasticism-the attempt to reconcile faith
and reason, ie)harmonize Christian teachings
with the works of Greek philosophers.
Aristotle had reached his many conclusions
by rational thought not by faith. Some of his
ideas contradicted teachings of the church.
In the mid-1200's, the scholar Thomas
Aquinas argued that the most basic religious
truths could be proved by logical argument.
Between 1267 and 1273, Aquinas wrote the
Summa Theologicae. Aquinas' great work,
influenced by Aristotle, combined ancient
Greek thought with the Christian thought of
his time.
St. Thomas Aquinas attempted to reconcile
Aristotle's teachings with the doctrines of
Christianity.
New ideas and forms of expression began to
flow out of the universities. At a time when
serious scholars and writers were writing in
Latin, a few remarkable poets began using a
lively vernacular. Vernacular literature was
literature written in the language of everyday
speech in a particular region.
Some of these writers wrote masterpieces
that are still read today.
Since most people couldn't read or understand
Latin, these works written in the vernacular
brought literature to many people.
Written in Italian
Written in English
Written in French
Chanson de geste is another form of
vernacular literature, it described battles in
which knights fight courageously for their
kings and lords. Written in epic poem form.
Section 3 Review
1. What is the type of literature written in
the language of everyday speech in a
particular region?
2. Who attempted to reconcile Aristotle's
teachings with the doctrines of Christianity?
3. What are the elements of Romanesque
and Gothic medieval churches? Compare
and Contrast.
Review Continued
4. Why did the walls of Romanesque
Churches have to be so thick?
5. Why were the Gothic Churches able to
have large stain glass windows? What
purpose did they serve?
6. What is a buttress? How is it different
from a flying buttress?
Section 4 The Black Death 3 min
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l
dZjaT4WXrA&safe=active
During the 1300's, an epidemic struck parts
of Asia, North Africa, and Europe.
Approximately one-third of the population
of Europe died of the deadly disease
known as the bubonic plague.
Unlike catastrophes that pull communities
together, this epidemic was so terrifying
that it ripped apart the very fabric of
society.
Black Death
Bubonic plague is the medical term
an organism, most usually carried by
rodents.
the flea regurgitates the blood from the rat
into the human, infecting the human. The
rat dies, the human dies.
symptoms include high fevers and aching
limbs and vomiting blood.
Most characteristic is a swelling of the lymph
nodes.
neck, armpits, and groin
swelling protrudes and is easily visible, its
blackish coloring gives the disease its name, the
Black Death
swellings continue to expand until they
eventually burst, with death following soon after
whole process, lasts only three or four days
swiftness of the disease, the terrible pain, the
grotesque appearance of the victims, all served to
make the plague especially terrifying.
Could you prevent it?? Do you really think
this will work?
incense: juniper, laurel, pine, beech, lemon
leaves, rosemary, camphor, sulphur and
others.
cure of sound was another remedy. Towns
rang church bells to drive the plague away
talismans, charms and spells could be
purchased.
What caused it?
conjunction of Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars in
the sign of Aquarius that had occurred in
1345. This conjunction cause hot moist
conditions, which cause the earth to exhale
poisonous vapors. This is what the Pope's
experts said.
Educated men said- have no bad thoughts,
only those that please you to ward off the
sickness.
How really to avoid the illness.
Quarantine
The wealthy would flee to the countryside
The plague bacillus actually is destroyed by
heat
overall population loss in Europe at about 1/3
The economic and social effects of the plague
were enormous. The old manorial system
began to crumble. Some of the changes that
occurred included:
Town populations fell
Trade declined. Prices rose.
The serfs left the manor in search of better
wages
Nobles fiercely resisted peasant demands for
higher wages, causing peasant revolts in
England, France, Italy, and Belgium
Jews were blamed for bringing on the plague.
All over Europe, Jews were driven from their
homes or, worse, massacred
This Anti-Semestism (hostility towards the
Jews) in Medieval Europe was partly caused by
the bubonic plague.
The Church suffered a loss of prestige when its
prayers failed to stop the onslaught of the
bubonic plague and priests abandoned their
duties.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
KFaZT1nrSc8&safe=active
45 min Black Death
In 1300, Pope Boniface VIII attempted to
enforce papal authority on kings as previous
popes had. When King Philip IV of France
asserted his authority over French bishops.
Boniface responded with an official
document. It stated that kings must always
obey popes.
Philip ignored the Pope's statement. One of
Philip's ministers said to have stated that
"my master's sword is made of steel, the
pope's is made of words."
Instead of obeying the pope, Philip had him
held prisoner in September 1303. The king
planned to bring him to France for trial. The
pope was rescued, but the elderly Boniface
died a month later.
Never again would a pope be able to force
monarchs to obey him.
In 1305, Philip IV, persuaded the College of
Cardinals to choose a French archbishop as
the new pope. Clement V, the newly selected
pope, moved from Rome to the city of
Avignon in France. Popes would live there
for the next 69 years.
Palais Des Papas
The move to Avignon badly weakened the
Church. When reformers finally tried to
move the papacy back to Rome, however,
the result was even worse.
In 1378, Pope Gregory XI died while visiting Rome.
The College of Cardinals then met in Rome to choose
a successor. As the deliberated, they could hear a mob
outside screaming, "A Roman, a Roman, we want a
Roman for pope, or at least an Italian!" Finally, the
cardinals announced to the crowd that an Italian had
been chosen: Pope Urban VI.
Many cardinals regretted their choice almost
immediately. Urban VI's passion for reform and his
arrogant personality caused the cardinals to elect a
second people a few months later. They chose Robert
of Geneva, who spoke French. He took the name
Clement VII.
Gregory XI died
Two months later Cardinals
elected another pope.
Clement VII
Feeling pressured to
choose an Italian, the
Cardinals chose Urban VI
Now there were two popes. Each declared
the other to be a false pope,
excommunicating his rival.
You are a false
Pope!!!
I know you are
but what am I?
Oh yeah?? Well
I excommunicate
you!!
You can't!! Because I
just excommunicated
you!!
The French pope lived in Avignon, while the Italian
pope lived in Rome.
French Pope
Clement VII
Italian Pope
Urban VI
This began the split in the Church known as
the Great Schism, or division.
In 1414, the Council of Constance attempted to end
the Great Schism by choosing a single pope.
By now, there were a total of three popes!!
The Avignon pope
The Italian pope
and a third pope elected by an earlier council at
Pisa!!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Schism
With the help of the Holy Roman Emperor, the
council forced all three popes to resign.
In 1417, the Council chose a new pope, Martin
V, ending the Great Schism but leaving the
great papacy weakened.
100 years War- started as a fight over a small
duchy in France. King of England v. King of
France smack down. The 100 Years War was
an important turning point in warfare, peasant
foot soldiers NOT knights, won the chief
battles of this war. English soldiers were
armed with pikes and also longbows. (had
greater striking power and longer range than
crossbow.
In 1420, the French and English signed a
treaty stating that Henry V would inherit the
French crown upon the death of the French
king Charles VI.
Then, in 1429, a teenage French peasant girl
named Joan of Arc felt moved by God to
rescue France from its English conquerors.
When Joan was just 13 she began to have
visions and hear what she believed were voices
of the saints. They urged her to drive the
English from France and give the French
crown to France's true king, Charles VII, son
of Charles VI.
On May 7, 1429, Joan led the French army
into battle at a fort city near Orleans. The fort
blocked the road to Orleans. It was a hardfought battle for both sides. The French
finally retreated in despair. Suddenly, Joan
and a few soldiers charged back toward the
fort. The entire French army stormed after
her. The siege Of Orleans was broken. Joan
of Arc guided the French onto the path of
victory.
After that victory, Joan persuaded Charles to
go with her to Reims. There he was crowned
king on July 17, 1429. In 1430, the
Burgundians, England's allies, captured Joan
in battle. They turned her over to the
English. The English, in turn , handed her
over to Church authorities to stand trial.
Although the French king Charles VII owed
his crown to Joan, he did nothing to rescue
her.
Condemned as a witch and a heretic because
of her claim to hear voices, Joan was burned
at the stake on May 30, 1431.
The long exhausting war finally ended in
1453. Each side experienced major changes.
A feeling of nationalism emerged in England
and France. Now people thought of the king
as a national leader, fighting for the glory of
the country, not simply a feudal lord.
The power and prestige of the French
monarch increased
Spain, too, experienced the growth of a strong
national monarchy at the end of the fifteenth
century.
Two of the strongest kingdoms were Aragon
and Castile. When Isabella of Castile married
Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469, it was a major
step toward unifying Spain. The two rulers
worked to strengthen royal control of the
government.
Ferdinand and Isabella also pursued a policy
of strict conformity to Catholicism.
In 1492, they took the drastic step of
expelling all professed Jews from Spain.
Muslims, too, after their final loss in 1492
were "encouraged" to convert to
Catholicism.
In 1502, Isabella issued a decree expelling
all professed Muslims from her kingdom.
To a very large degree, Ferdinand and
Isabella, the "most Catholic" monarchs, had
achieved their goal of religious uniformity.
To be Spanish was to be Catholic.
Section 4 Review:
1. What was a major cause of anti-Semitism
in Medieval Europe?
2. What were Ferdinand and Isabella referred
to as?