Transcript Joan Of Arc

War and Plague
Two of the biggest killers during
the Late Middle Ages.
World History
The Culprits
The Famine of 1315-1317
 By 1300 Europeans were farming almost all
the land they could cultivate.
 A population crisis developed.
 Climate changes in Europe produced three
years of crop failures between 1315-17
because of excessive rain.
 As many as 15% of the peasants in some
English villages died.
 One consequence of
starvation & poverty
was susceptibility to
disease.
1347: Plague Reaches
Constantinople!
The Symptoms
Bulbous
Septicemic Form:
almost 100%
mortality rate.
The Disease Cycle
Flea drinks rat blood
that carries the
bacteria.
Bacteria
multiply in
flea’s gut.
Human is infected!
Flea bites human and
regurgitates blood
into human wound.
Flea’s gut clogged
with bacteria.
Medieval Art & the Plague
An obsession
with death.
Medieval Art & the Plague
Medieval Art & the Plague
Bring out your dead!
Boccaccio in The Decameron
The victims ate lunch with their
friends and dinner with their
ancestors.
The Danse Macabre
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Plague Doctor
“Leeching”
Lancing a Buboe
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Flagellanti:
Self-inflicted “penance” for our sins!
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Pogroms against the Jews
“Jew” hat
“Golden Circle”
obligatory badge
Death Triumphant !:
A Major Artistic Theme
Death Toll
Population in Europe
Population in millions
• 1 out of every 3 people
died in Europe. (This
was about 20-25
Million People)
• Almost 75 Million are
estimated to have died
world wide.
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Series1
1000AD
1340AD
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Years
There were so many dead bodies in the cities, that
many people threw their dead bodies out in the street
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"The Black Death"
Effects of the Plague
• Merchants died causing trade to
significantly decline and in turn
raised prices
• Workers and employers also die,
production declines, prices continue
to rise.
• This all led to peasant revolts
because their wages are no longer
sufficient to live off of.
• The Jewish population was blamed
for the plague and in some cases they
were slaughtered because of it.
• Church’s power was significantly
weakened.
Emergence of National States and
National Monarchies
• Emerged in the late Middle Ages as populations in
certain regions became fully aware of their common
traditions, language, and religion.
• National Monarchies developed (etc. King of
England, King of Spain)
– As royal power increased feudal power decreased,
particularly among Lords and the Nobility.
• By 1500, the major European states (Spain, France,
Portugal) were established. The medieval age was
coming to a close.
The Hundred Years’ War
• Yes it lasted for about 100
years. (Approximately
1337-1453)
• It begun when the French
king died without a
successor and the English
king claimed it for himself.
(Due to his Norman
Heritage)
• This war was fought on
French soil and significantly
changed medieval society
and the style of European
warfare.
The Hundred Years’ War
Changing Warfare
• The English Longbow (6 ft. tall) was
introduced during the Hundred
Years War and could fire 3 arrows in
the time a French crossbowman
could fire one arrow.
• It allowed archers to pierce
medieval armor reducing the
impact of mounted cavalry and
custom plate armor.
• The Cannon was also and allowed
the armies to lay siege to and
capture most of the opponents
strongholds
Battle of Crecy
• France vs. England (1346)
– 25,000 vs. 15,000
• English took positions on a
sloping ridge, their knights
dismounted and prepared to fight
alongside the infantry.
• English archers used the longbow
and stood in a “V Formation” at
the top of the hill.
• At the base of the hill, the English
dug a system of pits, caltrops, and
ditches to slow the enemy down.
• The “English Gun” (Cannon) was
also unveiled as a new weapon in
warfare.
Battle of Crecy
• The French army was tired from the journey and the
previous days’ fighting, but once they arrived, their
commander Phillip VI urged to fight.
– This did not allow them to regain their strength.
• Phillip hired mercenaries who had crossbows and
placed them in the front line and his Calvary in the
back.
• Phillip ordered their big wooden shields to be placed
in carts which were left with the infantry in the rear.
• Both actions, would prove to be fatal mistakes.
Battle of Crecy
• The crossbowmen attacked first sending a volley of
arrows to disorganize and frighten the English troops.
– Musical instruments were playing along with the arrows,
as a scare tactic.
• The crossbowmen were useless, as they could only
shoot 1-2 bolts per minute, while the English archers
with their longbows could easily shoot 5-6 arrows
per minute.
– The English also had the advantage of range and height
which the crossbowmen did not have.
Battle of Crecy
• Without their shields, the
crossbowmen were easy targets,
and took heavy losses.
• They retreated back to the
infantry, when the nobles and
knights dismounted and cut them
up into pieces.
• The French cavalry, out of anger,
began to charge up the hill, but
got entangled in the system of
ditches and pits.
• Arrows rained down on them
from above, and a new weapon
was blasted right into their ranks,
the “English Gun” or cannon.
Battle of Crecy
• Wave after wave, the French attempted to scale the
hill, and each wave was struck down.
– One French eyewitness wrote, “The English guns cast iron
balls by means of fire...They made a noise like thunder and
caused much loss in men and horses... We were
continually hit by the archers and the gunners... [by the
end of the battle], the whole plain was covered by men
struck down by arrows and cannon balls.”
• After heavy losses, the French were finally forced to
retreat.
Battle of Crecy Results
• English casualties
– 300 knights
• French casualties
– 2,000 knights
– Unknown number of common
soldiers/mercenaries. (4000-6000)?
Impact of the Hundred Years’ War
• A feeling of nationalism
emerged in England and France.
People saw the king as a
national leader and fought for
their country not simply their
feudal lord.
• Power and prestige of the
French monarch increased.
• England suffered internal
turmoil and wars over the
English crown.
• Introduction of new weapons
changes the history of warfare.
The Medieval knight was dead.
Joan Of Arc
Born: 1412 Died: 1431
The room
Joan was
born in
Joan of Arc
Born in 1412 to Jacques and
Isabelle d’Arc in Domremy,
France.
Joan was the youngest of five
children.
Her real name was Jehanne
d’Arc. She was never called
Joan of Arc while she was
alive.
Joan of Arc
When Joan was twelve
she first heard a Voice
from God.
The Voices were St.
Michael the Archangel, St.
Catherine and St.
Margaret.
Joan of Arc
Her voices told her she must
deliver her country from the
invading English.
Joan left home at sixteen to
answer her calling.
In May of 1428, she went to
see Sir Robert de Baudricourt
and asked to be sent to the
King.
Joan of Arc
Joan lived during the time period of the Hundred Years
War.
The Hundred Years War was a series of wars and truces
between the Kings of France and England.
In 1429 she disclosed a vision that the French would
suffer a major defeat outside the city of Orleans.
Baudricourt finally led her to Charles VII, King of France.
Joan of Arc
King Charles VII sent her
to be examined by the
doctors of the Church to
see whether her visions
were authentic or not.
She was found to be
authentic!
Joan of Arc
After being examined,
Charles officially gave
Joan command of the
armies of France.
Joan is the youngest
person in history to
command the armies of a
nation.
She was 17.
Joan of Arc
In April of 1429, she led the
French against the English
in the Battle of Orleans.
Joan broke the seige of
Orleans in only three days
of fighting in May 1429.
Joan of Arc
Joan predicted she would
be wounded in the exact
manner that it occurred.
She was wounded by an
arrow above her breast
during the attack. Her
prediction happened 15
days before the event and
is documented.
Joan of Arc
Joan was rewarded by
Charles with a coat of
arms.
Charles himself drew the
design for her coat of arms
featuring a sword holding a
crown with a fleur-de-lis on
each side.
Joan of Arc
Joan attempted to liberate Paris on September 1492.
Joan was wounded and the attempt to liberate Paris failed.
She was hit by a bolt from a crossbow.
She refused to leave the battlefield and was forcible carried
to the rear.
She wanted to renew the attack the next day but was
overruled by King Charles VII.
Joan of Arc
Joan spends most of the
winter of 1429 as a
frustrated guest in the
King’s count.
In the Spring of 1430, Joan
takes the field with a small
army.
Joan was captured by
Burgundian soldiers on
May 23, 1430.
Joan of Arc
Joan was put on trial for
heresy in the Spring of
1431.
The English paid for the
trial that was run by
Church officials loyal to
them.
She was held in a prison
cell shackled to her bed.
Joan of Arc
Joan was threatened with
torture unless she denied
her Voices.
Joan was threatened with
burning on May 24, 1431.
Even Joan had a breaking
point and facing fire and
death, agreed to abjure.
Joan of Arc
Joan was then pronounced
a relapsed heretic and
sentenced to death on May
30, 1431.
Joan was burned to death.
Her last words were:
“Jesus, Jesus, Jesus”
Joan of Arc
Joan was officially beatified
by Pope Pius X on April 18,
1909.
Joan was officially
canonized by Pope
Benedict XV on May 16,
1920.
Saint Joan of Arc Feast
day is celebrated on May
30th.
Joan of Arc’s impact
• Joan of Arc helped end the war by
leading French forces to victory at
a fort city near Orleans. This then
allowed Charles VII to solidify his
position as king of France.
• Joan of Arc was later captured by
the English and burnt at the stake
for being a ‘witch’.
• Her death helped to further
motivate the French for she was
seen as a martyr.
After the Hundred Years’ War
• England entered Civil War called “Wars of the
Roses”.
– Between noble families of York and Lancaster
– 30 years of war until Henry Tudor defeated
Richard III.
• Henry Tudor was called Henry VII and founded
the powerful Tudor Dynasty.
– The power of the English monarchy was
established and they built England into a powerful
European power.
Decline of the Roman Church
• The Catholic Church began to lose its power
and prestige over the people for these
reasons:
– 1) Many priests were corrupt.
– 2) Loyalties shifted from the church to the nation.
– 3) Kings no longer tolerated the Pope’s
interference in their lands.
– 4) Enlightenment/Renaissance ideals began
critically challenging the traditions of the church
and its teachings.
Decline of the Papacy
• Began under Pope Boniface VIII.
– French King decided to levy a tax on the French clergy.
– Pope denounced this tax, but the King didn’t listen
– French King had a bishop arrested and asked him to be
brought for trial, and the Pope refused to release him to
the King.
– The King ordered the Pope to release him, and the Pope in
turn issued a famous papal bull, the Unam Sanctum.
– Said that submission to the Pope is a requirement for
salvation.
Decline of the Papacy
• French King defied the Pope
and accused him of heresy
and ordered him to trial.
• The king traveled to the
Pope’s residence, and took
the Pope captive.
• The town’s people freed the
Pope, but the shock of it all
actually killed the Pope a
month later.
Papal Exile
• A Frenchman was elected to be the next pope.
– He moved the papacy to Avignon, France.
– From 1309-1377, the popes, all Frenchman,
resided at Avignon.
– This period is called the “Babylonian Captivity of
the Church”
• The English, Germans, and Italians resented a
“French-controlled” papacy, and calls for
change echoed across Europe
“Great Schism”
• In 1377, the papacy returned to Rome, but the Pope died
soon after moving back to Rome.
• The French dominated College of Cardinals, threatened by a
Roman mob, elected an Italian as pope.
• Several months later, the cardinals declared the election
invalid and put a new French pope back in office, and moved
the papacy back to Avignon.
• The Italians refused to acknowledge this “new” papacy and
the Roman Church had two popes: one in Rome and one in
Avignon.
• Both men claimed to be the rightful pope, and each pope
excommunicated each other! This lasted for 40 years.
Attempts to Resolve
• 1409 – church leaders met at Pisa to resolve the
schism. The council deposed both popes and
appointed a new one.
• The two original Popes refused to leave office, and
now the Roman Catholic Church had three Popes.
• Finally, at the Council of Constance, the election of
Martin V as the sole pope was upheld and the schism
was finished.
• However, the damage to the church could not be
repaired, and the power of the papacy and the
Roman Catholic Church would never regain its
strength again.