Transcript Ch 10 High Middle Ag..

High
Middle
Ages
1
I. Farming improved &
Trade revived
A. New Ways of farming
1. A new heavier plow
2. Horses replaced oxen
3. Three-field system - farmers
could grow on 2/3 of their land
each year. The other 1/3 would
be Fallow.
2
I. Farming improved &
Trade revived
B. Towns grew larger
1. People left the countryside to
settle in towns.
2. Townspeople formed a new
middle class
a. In Germany - burghers
b. In France - bourgeoisie
3
I. Farming improved &
Trade revived
C. Fairs were centers of trade
1. Local fairs met the needs of
daily life.
2. No longer was everything
produced on a self-sufficient
manor. This was a revolutionary
economic change for life in
Europe.
4
I. Farming improved &
Trade revived
D. Guilds controlled crafts & fairs
1. Guild - an association of
people who worked at the same
occupation.
2. The 1st guilds were formed by
merchants
3. Craft Guilds - skilled artisans
5
I. Farming improved &
Trade revived
D. Guilds controlled crafts & fairs
4. Guild Functions:
a. enforced quality
b. fixed prices
c. dues were a form of insurance
6
I. Farming improved &
Trade revived
D. Guilds controlled crafts & fairs
5. Training
a. apprentice - they worked for
a master for 3 to 12 years
without pay except room and
board.
b. journeyman - they would
earn wages while perfecting
their trade.
7
I. Farming improved &
Trade revived
E. Towns won new liberties
1. Charters - granted to towns by
the lords.
a. Charters listed the towns
special privileges & tax
exemptions.
b. A town charter was a
declaration of independence from
the feudal system.
8
II. Religious leaders
wielded great power
A. Monks adopted stricter rules
1. Cistercian order - a group that
vowed to build their monasteries
in the wilderness. Their life of
hardships won many followers.
9
II. Religious leaders
wielded great power
B. Reformers ended abuses
1. In 1059, a church decree
declared that all future popes
would be chosen at a meeting of
leading bishops known as
cardinals.
2. Reformers wanted to abolish 3
things:
10
II. Religious leaders
wielded great power
2. Reformers wanted to end 3 things:
a. marriage of priests
b. Simony: selling of church offices
c. Lay investiture: a ceremony
where bishops & abbots received
their church office from a lord or
king. The church wanted it done by
church officials.
11
II. Religious leaders
wielded great power
C. Gregory VII
1. He became pope in 1073
2. Gregory’s reforms:
a. He ordered all married
priests to abandon their families
b. In 1075 he banned lay
investiture.
12
II. Religious leaders
wielded great power
C. Gregory VII
3. Concordat of Worms - church
officials would give a bishop the
symbols of his office
13
II. Religious leaders
wielded great power
D. Popes ruled a spiritual empire
1. A king who quarreled with the
pope faced excommunication.
2. Interdict - another weapon of
the pope. No church ceremonies
could be performed in the
offending ruler’s lands.
14
II. Religious leaders
wielded great power
D. Popes ruled a spiritual empire
3. The church resembled a
kingdom - one ruler, one capital.
4. Canon Law - Law of the
church.
5. The Inquisition - an
organization of experts whose
job was to find & judge heretics.
15
II. Religious leaders
wielded great power
E. Friars preached to the poor
1. Friars traveled around
preaching to the poor. They
owned nothing and lived by
begging.
16
II. Religious leaders
wielded great power
F. Churches rose in a new style
1. Romanesque - a type of
architecture based on the classical
Roman style.
2. Gothic - style of architecture
created by Suger (soo-zhay)
a. Pointed, ribbed vault and arches
b. Flying buttresses
c. Notre Dame: most famous
17
Gothic Cathedral
III. Royal Governments
Grew Stronger
• Kings had little more power than
great lords.
• Kings began to strengthen their
control over their own lands,
which laid the groundwork for
the growth of royal power
18
III. Royal Governments
Grew Stronger
A. Norman conquerors ruled
England
1. William the Conqueror (10661087)
a. Laid the foundation for royal
power in England
b. Battle of Hastings - William
defeated the English. This
changed the course of English
19
history. Oct. 14, 1066
III. Royal Governments
Grew Stronger
A. Norman conquerors ruled
England
1. William the Conqueror (10661087)
c. He made England the most
centralized feudal Kingdom in
Europe.
20
III. Royal Governments
Grew Stronger
A. Norman conquerors ruled England
2. Henry II - He was William’s greatgrandson. Became King in 1154.
a. He strengthened the courts of
justice. He introduced the jury.
b. Common Law - Formed by royal
judges. Basis for law in later English
speaking countries including the U.S.
21
III. Royal Governments
Grew Stronger
B. Magna Carta
1. Signed in 1215, it limited the
power of the king of England.
2. Parliament – formed in the
thirteenth century, it eventually
evolved into the House of Lords
and the House of Commons.
22
III. Royal Governments
Grew Stronger
C. Capetian dynasty ruled France
1. By 1000, France was divided
into about 30 feudal territories.
2. Hugh Capet - chosen ruler of
France by France’s most
powerful nobles in 987.
a. He began the Capetian
dynasty.
23
III. Royal Governments
Grew Stronger
C. Capetian dynasty ruled France
3. The growth of royal power will
unify France.
24
IV. Crusades
• In 1095, the Seljuk Turks
stormed Baghdad, took
Jerusalem, & conquered all of
Asia Minor from the Byzantines.
• Pope Urban II called on the
knights of Christendom to rescue
Jerusalem & the Holy Lands from
the Muslim Turks.
25
IV. Crusades
A. the Crusaders Had Many Causes
1. In 1096, between 50,000 &
60,000 knights became
crusaders - someone who fights
on behalf of a religious cause.
2. Pope Urban II’s goal:
*he wanted to reunite
Byzantine & Roman Christians
26
IV. Crusades
A. the Crusaders Had Many Causes
3. The knights goals:
*If they died in battle, they go
directly to heaven
*glory in battle
*spoils of war
27
IV. Crusades
A. the Crusaders Had Many Causes
4. The Merchant’s goal:
*If Christians held the trade
centers of the middle east, then
more wealth would flow to
European merchants.
28
IV. Crusades
B. The First Crusade
1. July 15, 1099 - 12,000 knights
capture Jerusalem
29
IV. Crusades
C. Later Crusades
1. In 1144, Edessa was reconquered by the Turks.
2. The 2nd crusade was
organized to re-capture the city
but it failed.
3. In 1187, Jerusalem was taken
by a Muslim named Saladin.
30
IV. Crusades
C. Later Crusades
4. The 3rd crusade, known as the
King’s Crusade, was led by King
Philip of France, Frederick I (Red
Beard or Barbarossa) of Germany
& Richard I (the Lionheart) of
England
31
IV. Crusades
C. Later Crusades
4. The 3rd crusade,
*Frederick drowned crossing a
river in his armor.
*Philip got sick and went
home.
*Richard fought to regain the
Holy Land
32
IV. Crusades
C. Later Crusades
5. In 1192, Saladin & Richard
agreed to a 3 year truce.
Jerusalem remained in Muslim
hands, but Christians could visit.
33
IV. Crusades
D. Crusaders sacked
Constantinople
1. In 1202, the 4th crusade was
sent to rescue Jerusalem.
2. The crusade ended in disaster
when the crusaders attacked and
captured the Christian city of
Constantinople in 1204.
34
IV. Crusades
E. Crusading spirit dwindled
1. Later crusades were aimed at
N. Africa.
2. The crusades grew from the
forces of religion, feudalism &
chivalry.
3. The end of the crusades
signaled that the middle ages
were drawing to a close.
35
IV. Crusades
E. Crusading spirit dwindled
4. It brought a loss of power for
the feudal lords.
5. The economic result - Growth
of cities.
36
V. 100 Years War
The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were a
time of great upheaval for medieval France.
In 1328 the Capetian line came to an end.
This was the trigger for the Hundred Years
War as successive English kings attempted
to uphold their claim to the French throne. A
devastating assault was to follow, under the
warrior-king Henry V, and the French
disintegration continued until 1429. After
that date the French began a recovery,
partly triggered by the young visionary Joan
of Arc, that would end with them as the
major European military power.
37