Transcript The Protestant Reformation and the Religious Wars

The Protestant Reformation
1517-1648
Objectives
To understand the causes of the split in
Western Christianity
To understand the underlying differences
between Catholicism and Protestantism
To understand the results and relevance
of the Protestant Reformation in
Western society
The Catholic Church
Power of the Pope:
Head of the Catholic Church
Occupies God’s position on earth
Infallible
Above any earthly power
Made international treaties
All clergy take vows of celibacy -stay
unmarried
What Catholics Believe
The Seven Sacraments:
Baptism
Confession
Eucharist (mass/communion)
Confirmation
Marriage
Holy Orders –men to become priests, women to
become nuns
Anointing of the Sick-Last rites
The Catholic Church in 1500
The Catholic Church was the most powerful
institution in Europe
Held the monopoly on information and
education
Owned a great deal of property
People resented the wealth of the Church
The Church and Clergy did not pay taxes
The Church was corrupt!
Conflicts That Challenged the
Authority of the Catholic Church
Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view
of usury-the lending of money and charging
interest
German and English nobility disliked Italian
domination of the Church.
The Church’s great political power and wealth
caused conflict.
Church corruption and the sale of indulgences
were widespread and caused conflict.
Height of Papal Corruption
Pope Leo X- 1513-1521
Medici Pope -second son of
Lorenzo the Magnificent
Lived a lavish lifestyle
Depleted Papal coffers
Money needed for
the reconstruction
of St. Peter’s and other
art commissions.
Pope Leo X, Giovanni de
Medici, with cardinals
Giulio de' Medici and
Luigi de' Rossi by Raphael
Height of Papal Corruption
Leo X had to find a solution to the
Church’s money problems:
Sale of Church offices- simony
Sale of indulgences!
Prior to the Reformation all Christians
were Roman Catholic
The Reformation was an attempt to
REFORM the Catholic Church
Martin Luther and others wanted to get
rid of the corruption and restore
people’s faith in the church not start a
separate church
Martin Luther 1483-1546
Born in 1483 in Eisleben- Holy Roman Empire
1505 became a monk
Moved to Wittenberg in 1511
Strong sense of unworthiness
Troubled by the sale of indulgences
Catholic Church taught that it was faith and
good works that saved a person
Luther’s Issues with the
Catholic Church
Luther had two major
problems with the Catholic
Church:
Indulgences and
Justification (forgiveness of
sins).
Luther believed that the Bible
was the ultimate authority
- not the pope or clergy
Luther’s Issues with the
Catholic Church
Of the seven sacraments only Baptism and
Holy Communion were found in the
Bible
He also came to believe in justification
through faith alone not faith and good
works
Holy Roman Empire in 1500
Located in modern day
Germany
Not a united country
but a patchwork of
independent states
Holy Roman Empire in 1500
Each State had its own prince.
The ruler of the Holy Roman Empire was
Charles V
The Hapsburgs Ruled the HRE
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V 1519-1556
Inherited the Holy Roman
Empire at the age of 25
Had to hold his empire
together
He was Catholic-The
Princes were converting to
Lutheranism!
Sale of Indulgences
Dominican friar Johann Tetzel was selling
indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
“As
soon as a coin in the coffer rings
the soul from purgatory springs.”
What was an Indulgence?
A Papal pardon for sins.
Purgatory-a place where
souls too impure to enter
heaven atoned for sins
committed during their
lifetime
A lessening of the time a
soul would have to spend
in purgatory
What was an Indulgence?
You could purchase one for yourself or a
departed relative
Indulgences had no basis in the Bible and
the Pope had no authority to release
souls from purgatory according to
Luther
Martin Luther’s Actions
Luther posted his 95 Theses on the door of the
castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517
His intent was to reform the Catholic Church,
not create a separate one.
How Did Word Spread So Quickly?
Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it
possible for Luther to spread his beliefs
Copy of Luther’s 95 Theses from Gutenberg's Press
Reaction To Luther
Gained support from people and criticism
from Church
Luther had the support of many, including
the princes in the HRE
Millions converted
Luther’s Beliefs and Teachings
All Christians have
equal access to
God through faith
and the Bible.
Romans 1:17 “The
righteous shall
live by faith.”
Luther’s Beliefs and Teachings
Banned Indulgences,
confession, pilgrimages
and prayers to saints
Simplified the elaborate
mass and emphasized
the sermon
Permitted clergy to marry
Luther’s Showdown with the Church
June 15, 1520 Pope Leo
X issued a Papal Bull
of Excommunication
Papal Bull -Official
document issued by the
Pope
Luther was ordered to
recant-take back- his
teachings
Luther’s Showdown with the Church
Luther burned the
Papal Bull
Excommunicated!
His behavior caused
a conclusive and
irrevocable break
with Roman
Catholic Church
The Diet of Worms-April 1521
Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V,
summoned Luther to a diet in the city
of Worms
Diet-assembly or meeting-of German
princes
Luther asked to recant, he again refused.
Charles V issued the Edict of Worms
Luther at the Diet
of Worms
By Anton von
Werner
Edict of Worms
Declared Luther an
outlaw by Charles V
It was a crime to give
Luther shelter or food
Frederick the Wise,
Elector of Saxony hid
Luther in his castle
Luther Went into Hiding
Spent his time translating
the New Testament into
German (Vernacular!)
This spread his beliefs
even further
Greatly contributed to the
development of the
written German
language.
The Peace of Augsburg 1555
The Protestant Reformation
divided Germany politically
Princes in Germany
converted to Protestantism,
ending authority of the
Pope in their states
Charles V, the HRE tried to
force Princes to accept
Catholicism again, with
little success
Results of The Peace of Augsburg:
Recognized
Lutheranism as a
legal religion in the
HRE
A Prince could decide
if his realm was to
be Lutheran or
Catholic but nothing
else!
Reformation in France:
John Calvin-Calvinist Tradition
Literal interpretation of
the Bible
Predestination
Faith revealed by living a
righteous life
Protestant work ethic
Expanded the Protestant
Movement
Predestination
Calvin set forth the idea
of Predestination:
God decided at the
beginning of time
who would go to
heaven after death
and who would not
Theocracy
Calvin set up a
theocracy in Geneva,
Switzerland
Theocracy-government
run by church leaders
Geneva became a
magnet city for other
reformers who took
Calvin’s message
home with them
16th century depiction of Calvinists
engaged in an iconoclastic “cleansing”
of a Catholic cathedral.
Reformation in England
Henry VIII: The Anglican Tradition
Henry VIII-King of
England
Reformer due to
circumstance
not personal beliefs
Henry VIII
Opposed Luther’s beliefs
Saw himself as a Roman
Catholic even wrote a
pamphlet denouncing
Luther
Named ‘Defender of the
Faith’ by Pope Leo X
Henry VIII Needed a Divorce!
The Catholic Church
does not permit divorce
Marriage to Catherine of
Aragon did not
produce a male heir
only a girl- Mary
Tudor
Henry needed a male to
preserve his throne
Henry VIII
Henry asked the Pope for an
annulment so he could
marry someone who could
give him a male heir
The Pope denied his request
Henry created the Church
of England and
established his own
supremacy over it
Act of Supremacy-1534
Parliament passed the
Act of Supremacy
Made Henry “the only
supreme head on
Earth of the Church
of England”
The all monarchs of
England continue to
hold the title
The King was the Head of the Church!
Many refused to
accept Henry as the
head of the church
and were executed
for treason
Sir Thomas More
was one of them!
Another Girl for Henry
Henry divorced Catherine and promptly
married Anne Boleyn-there was
actually a bit of an overlap!
He hoped for a male heir but Anne bore
him a girl- Elizabeth
BIRTH ANNOUNCEMENT OF
PRINCESS ELIZABETH
SEPTEMBER 7, 1533
BIRTH ANNOUNCEMENT OF
PRINCESS ELIZABETH
SEPTEMBER 7, 1533
By the Queen
Right trusty and well-beloved, we greet you well. And whereas it hath pleased the
goodness of Almighty God of His infinite mercy and grace to send unto us at this
time good speed in the deliverance and bringing forth of a princess to the great joy
and inward comfort of my Lord, us, and of all his good and loving subjects of this
his realm, for which inestimable benevolence so shown unto us we have no little
cause to give high thanks, laud and praise unto our said Maker, like as we do most
lowly, humbly, and with all the inward desire of our heart. And inasmuch as we
undoubtedly trust that this our good speed is to your great pleasure, comfort and
consolation, we therefore by this our letters advertise you thereof, desiring and
heartily praying you to give with us unto Almighty God high thanks, glory, laud and
praise, and to pray for the good health, prosperity, and continual preservation of the
said Princess accordingly. Given under our signet at my lords' Manor of Greenwich.
The 7th day of September, in the 25th year of my said lord's Reign
Henry’s Six Wives!
Divorced, Beheaded, Died, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived.
Catherine of Aragon
Annulled
Catherine Parr
survived
Anne Boleyn
Annulled then
beheaded
Catherine Howard
Annulled then
beheaded
Jane Seymour
Died
childbed fever
Anne of Cleves
Annulled
http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/horriblehistories/song4.shtml
Henry VIII Children
The children of Henry VIII of England
were:
First Child - Mary Tudor who became
Queen Mary I (Bloody Mary)
Second Child - Elizabeth who became
Queen Elizabeth I
Third Child - Edward who became King
Edward VI
Elizabeth I
Daughter of Henry VIII
and Anne Boleyn
Returned the country to
the Protestant faith
after her Catholic
sister
Queen Mary I died
Elizabeth I
Through compromise
Elizabeth found
middle ground with
Catholics and
Protestants
Made England a firmly
Protestant nation
Little religious turmoil
for decades
Protestant
Catholic
The Protestant Reformation Map
Results of the Reformation
In the end reformers
like Luther
established their own
non-Catholic
traditions
The Reformation
caused a permanent
split in Christianity
with the formation of
new Protestant faiths
Branches of Christianity
CHRISTIANITY
Protestant
Roman
Catholicism
Eastern
Orthodox
Lutheran
Martin
Luther
Anglican
Henry VIII
Calvinist
John
Calvin
Puritan
Huguenots
Presbyterian
The Catholic Counter-Reformation
The Catholic Church wanted to
stop the spread of
Protestantism.
It was losing followers which
meant it was losing money.
They refocused on strictly
following the commands and
rules of the Church.
The Council of Trent
The Council of Trent
met between 1545
and 1563 to make
reforms
The Council of Trent
reaffirmed most
Church doctrine and
practices:
The Council of Trent
Salvation comes
through faith and
good works
The Bible is not the
only source of truth
Council took steps to
end Church abuses
The Jesuits
Ignatius of Loyola
founded the Jesuits.
The Jesuits were a
religious order
whose mission was
to defend and
spread the Catholic
faith world wide
The Jesuits
The Society of Jesus,
another name for the
Jesuits, sent missionaries
to Asia, Africa and the
Americas.
Known for setting up
schools
Spread of
Christianity
Protestant England
settled in what is
now the United
States.
Catholic Spain and
France settled in
what is now
Mexico and South
America.
Anabaptists - Rebaptizers
Baptists, Mennonites and
Amish trace their roots
to the Anabaptists.
Pacifist.
Adult baptism.
Complete separation of
Church and State.
END
Empire of Charles V
What Luther Wanted
Sola Fidei Justification/Salvation by Faith Alone
Sola Scriptura Authority of the Scriptures Alone
Sola Gratia By grace alone