Transcript adjusted early middle ages

The Early and
High Middle Ages
Middle Ages
Early Middle Ages
5th to 10th centuries
Dark Ages
Period of disorder and decline
High Middle Ages
11th to 14th centuries
Advanced toward higher level of
civilization
Dark Ages
Germanic invasions helped bring
decline of civilization
Trade & industry
Merchants feared robbers and pirates
Roman roads deteriorated
Unemployed to rural areas
Learning & culture
Concerned with staying alive
Destroyed Roman places of learning
Dark Ages
Decline of strong central gov’t.
Germanic kingdoms weak
Rulers generally failed to provide
protection, justice and order
German kingdoms lacked:
Power to control large territories
Infrastructure
Rules of succession to throne
Byzantine
Empire
Origin
Western Rome fell
Eastern Rome lasted until 1453
Middle Eastern and Greek cultural
characteristics
Byzantine
History
Greatest extent under
Justinian
Expanded across Africa to Spain
Wanted to restore Roman Empire
Over time lost from west back to east
1453-Constantinople fell to
Ottoman Turks
Byzantine Life
Autocratic government
Emperor was God’s earthly representative
Dominated Byzantine (Greek Orthodox)
Church
Eastern Christianity
Patriarch chosen by & subservient to
emperor
Converted Russians & Balkans to eastern
Christianity
In 1054 Greek Orthodox and Roman
Catholic churches separated
Byzantine Life
Rich through trade & industry
Constantinople
Paved, lit streets
Recreational facilities
Parks/playgrounds
Museums
Libraries
Schools
Byzantine
Contributions
Codified Roman law
Preserved Greek culture
 Spoke Greek
Stimulated revival of learning
Fostered architecture & art
 Combined Greco-Roman and Persian features
 Adorned with mosaics
Buffer for western Europe by
taking hit from eastern invaders
Roman Catholic Church
Most powerful institution in
medieval western Europe
Modeled after Rome’s government
Pope--supreme leader
Cardinals--chief advisors
Bishops--head religious districts
Priests--direct local communities
RCC’s Religious Role
Taught:
Importance of sacraments
Faith, good works, and church
membership for salvation
Used excommunication
against those who violated
Church laws
Held inquisitions to uncover
heretics
RCC’s Economic Role
Monks farmed
Considerable income from its:
Lands (30% of western Europe)
Gifts (especially through oblation)
Taxes (10% tithe)
Prohibited usury
RCC’s Cultural Role
Promoted learning by
maintaining schools
Copied ancient books
and manuscripts,
preserving classical
culture
RCC’s Political Role
Governed Papal States in Italy
Developed canon law
based on Roman law
Had its own courts
Claimed supremacy
over civil government
Frankish Kingdom
Clovis created powerful kingdom (5th
century)
Subdued other
Germanic tribes
in Gaul
Converted Franks
to Catholic Christianity,
gaining support of:
Pope
Gaul’s large Christian population
Frankish Kingdom
Merovingian dynasty
His incompetent descendants ruled
for more than 200 years
“Do-Nothing” Kings
Power passed to powerful noble,
“Mayor of the Palace”
Frankish Kingdom
Carolingian dynasty
Charles Martel
Defeated Moors at Tours (732)
Pepin
At father’s death,
became Mayor of
the Palace
Removed last
Do-Nothing King
Charlemagne got throne in 768
Charlemagne
768-814
Increased power of
Catholic Church
Ended Lombard threat
to Papal States
Converted pagan
peoples to Catholicism
Charlemagne
Empire=
most of
western
Europe
Charlemagne
Emperor of the Romans (800)
Crowned by Pope Leo III
in Rome
Government
Empire divided into provinces
Each ruled by noble
Monitored by missi dominici
Temporarily halted shift of power from
central government to nobles
Education under Charlemagne
Charlemagne valued education
Established schools in monasteries
and cathedrals
Encouraged collecting and copying
of Latin manuscripts
Education
under
Charlemagne
Created
Carolingian
miniscule (small
letters)
Breakup of
Charlemagne’s Empire
Treaty of Verdun
divided empire
among 3 grandsons
Louis
Eastern/modern Germany
Charles
Western/modern France
Lothar
Central/modern Italy
Differed from Roman Empire
Rome
Centered around
Mediterranean
Endured many
centuries
Charlemagne
Encompassed
mainly central and
western Europe
Crumbled at
Charlemagne’s
death
New Invasions (9th-11th centuries)
Vikings to
coastal/
river cities
New Invasions (9th-11th centuries)
Magyars from Asia to Hungary to
Western Europe
Arabs to Southern France/Italy
New Invasions (9th-11th centuries)
Normans invaded Britain from
France
Led to development of new
relationship ...
feudalism
Why Feudalism?
Attacks from outsiders
Weakness of central
governments
German rulers gave
landed estates to
important nobles in
return for military
assistance
Feudalism Defined
Social system
Rigid class distinctions
Static (unchanging) way of life
Political system
Local government
Local military defense
Economic system
Self-sufficient agricultural manors
Feudal Society
Determined by birth, not work
Feudal social pyramid
King
Nominally owned all land
Controlled only his estates
Powerful lords
Got fiefs from king
Pledged military service
Feudal Society
Feudal social pyramid (cont’d)
Lesser lords
Got fiefs from powerful lord
Pledged military service
Knights
Most numerous nobles
Serfs--peasants
Feudal Economy
Self-sufficient agricultural manor
Serfs bound to land
Low agricultural output
Serfs given scattered strips of land
Wooden plows and crude sickles
Three-field system
Feudal Economy
Disappearance of trade
Manors became more self-sufficient
Commerce unsafe
Heavy taxes imposed by nobles on
goods transported across their
domains
Civil/Religious Struggles
On basis of 2 crownings, RCC
asserted that popes may dethrone
and crown emperors
Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne
“Emperor of the Romans” in 800
Upon his death title was unused
Pope John XII crowned Otto I emperor
in 962, beginning Holy Roman Empire
Civil/Religious Struggles
Civil rulers and popes claimed
right to appoint RCC officials
Rulers gave fiefs to RCC officials
Popes gave religious authority
Concordat of Worms (1122):
Popes appoint Church officials
Rulers could continue to give fiefs
(allowing them to have some say
over selections)
Civil/Religious Struggles
Archbishop of Canterbury struggle
(1206-1215)
John rejected pope’s choice for A/C
Pope excommunicated John and ordered
him deposed
This forced John to:
Accept pope’s choice
Acknowledge pope as his lord
Nobles had him sign Magna
Carta
Revival of Trade/Towns
End of barbarian invasions
Crusades increased European
demand for Eastern luxuries
Growth of well-located towns
Towns provided facilities for:
Storage
Marketing
Production of goods
Revival of Trade/Towns
Rise of bourgeoisie (middle class)
New economic class grew with:
Increased trade
Growth of towns
Consisted of professional people:
Merchants
Shopkeepers
Bankers
Leading Medieval Centers
In Italy
Cities on Italian seacoast
Venice
Genoa
Pisa
Naples
Advantages
Mediterranean location
Commercial tradition
Leading Medieval Centers
In Belgium
Cities in province of Flanders
Bruges
Ghent
Flemish cities at crossroads of trade
routes from northern Europe to Italy
Leading Medieval Centers
In Northern Germany
Cities:
Bremen
Hamburg
Lubeck
Controlled trade in Baltic and North
seas
In 1200s became Hanseatic League
Craft Guilds’ Activities
Economic
Dealt with production issues
Established standards/prices
Educational
Regulated training/advancement
Political and social, similar to:
Modern labor unions
Political parties
Mutual aid societies
Crusades (1095-1291)
Byzantine emperor appealed to
RCC for aid against Moslem Turks
4 major
crusades failed
to recapture
Jerusalem
Turks had it
until after WWI
Political Effects of Crusades
Strengthened kings/central
governments by:
Weakening nobility
Stimulating trade
Trade needs central authority offering
law and order
Rising merchant class supported kings
Socio-Economic
Effects of Crusades
Weakened serfdom
Some paid for use of lord’s land in
money by selling crops
Evolved into modern tenant-landlord
relationship
Some freed
Joined Crusades
Fled to cities for year + 1 day
Social Effects of Crusades
Broadened peoples’ outlook
Crusaders saw advanced Moslem
and Byzantine
civilizations
Gained better
geographic
knowledge
Encouraged learning
Economic Effects of Crusades
Stimulated trade and towns
Increased European demand for
Eastern products
Throughout Europe, especially in
Italy:
Money replaced barter
Bourgeoisie gained wealth and
influence
Higher Education
1000-1100s--scholars founded
many important universities
Wide variety of subjects
Theology
Philosophy
Law
Medicine