Transcript CHAPTER13, 14, 17

Section 1
Charlemagne Unites
Germanic Kingdoms
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Charlemagne Unites Germanic
Kingdoms
Invasions of Western Europe
Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare
• Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire 400s
• Trade and government disrupted; people abandon cities
• Beginning of Middle Ages(500 – 1000)
The Decline of Learning
• Thus the DARK AGES
Loss of a Common Language
• German language changes Latin; dialects develop
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Germanic Kingdoms Emerge
Years of Upheaval Between 400 and 600
• Germanic kingdoms
• Continual wars change borders
• Church est. order and security
The Concept of Government Changes
• Government = family ties and loyalty
• Communities governed by unwritten rules/traditions
• Loyalty to chieftans
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continued Germanic
Kingdoms Emerge
Clovis Rules the Franks
• Rules Franks
• Converts to Christianity in 496
• Unites Franks into one kingdom with Church’s help
by 511
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Germans Adopt Christianity
How the Church Spread
• Frankish rulers convert Germanic peoples to
Christianity
• Missionaries travel to convert Germanic and Celtic
groups
Monasteries, Convents, and Manuscripts
• Church builds monasteries and convents
• Monks establish schools, preserve learning
through libraries
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continued Germans
Adopt Christianity
Papal Power Expands Under Gregory I
• In 590, Gregory I, also called Gregory the Great,
becomes pope
• Under Gregory, Church becomes secular—a
political power
• Pope’s palace becomes center of Roman
government
• Uses Church money to raise armies, care for poor,
negotiate treaties
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An Empire Evolves
Europe’s Kingdoms
• Franks - control largest/strongest kingdoms
Charles Martel Emerges
• Defeats Muslims from Spain at Tours in 732;
becomes a Christian hero
• Son, Pepin, begins Carolingian Dynasty—
family that ruled 751–987
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Charlemagne Becomes Emperor
From Pepin to Charlemagne
• Pepin dies in 768, leaves kingdom to two sons; in
771 one son dies
• Second son, Charlemagne (Charles the Great),
rules kingdom
Charlemagne Extends Frankish Rule
• Charlemagne’s armies reunite western Europe, spread Christianity
• Pope crowns Charlemagne emperor; gives him title, “Roman
Emperor”
• Germanic power, Church, heritage of Roman Empire now joined
together (UNIFICATION OF POWER)
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continued Charlemagne
Becomes Emperor
Charlemagne Leads a Revival
• Charlemagne limits nobles’ power
• Encourages learning and creates monastic schools
WHAT TYPE OF EDUCATION IS COMMON AT THIS TIME?
Charlemagne’s Heirs
• Charlemagne dies in 814his son
• Louis the Pious (heir)
• Louis’s three grandsons fight for control of empire
• Lothair, Charles the Bald, Louis the German
In 843 they divide empire into three kingdoms; sign
Treaty of Verdun
Interactive
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Section 2
Feudalism in Europe
Feudalism, a political and economic
system based on land-holding and
protective alliances, emerges in
Europe.
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A New Social Order: Feudalism
Feudalism Structures Society
• Feudalism - based on land control
• A lord (landowner) gives fiefs (land grants) in
exchange for services
• Vassals—people who receive fiefs—become
powerful landholders
The Feudal Pyramid
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Chart
King at the top
Served by nobles
Served by knights
Peasants at bottom (most people)
Knights—horsemen—defend their lord’s land in
exchange for fiefs
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continued A
New Social Order: Feudalism
Social Classes Are Well Defined
• Medieval feudal system classifies people into
three social groups
- those who fight: nobles and knights
- those who pray: monks, nuns, leaders of the
Church
- those who work: peasants
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• Social class –inherited (usually)
• Most peasants are serfs—bound to land
• Not slaves, but what they produce
belongs to their lord
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Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism
The Lord’s Estate
• Manor
• Serfs/free peasants maintain the lord’s estate, give grain
• The lord provides housing, farmland, protection
A Self-Contained World
• Manors cover a few square miles of land, are largely
self-sufficient
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continued Manors:
The Economic Side of Feudalism
The Harshness of Manor Life
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• Peasants pay taxes
• Taille – Tax in goods
• Corvee – Tax in labor
•Tithe—a church tax—is equal to one-tenth of a
peasant’s income
• ROUGH LIFE (Poor diet, illness, malnutrition
life expectancy 35
• Serfs generally accept their lives as part of God’s
plan
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Section 3
The Age of Chivalry
The code of chivalry for knights glorifies
combat and romantic love.
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The Age of Chivalry
Knights: Warriors on Horseback
The Technology of Warfare Changes
• Leather saddle and stirrups enable knights to handle
heavy weapons
• In 700s, mounted knights become most important
part of an army
The Warrior’s Role in Feudal Society
• By 1000s, western Europe is a battleground of
warring nobles
• Feudal lords raise private armies of knights
• Knights rewarded with land; provides income needed
for weapons
• Knights’ other activities help train them for combat
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Knighthood and the Code of Chivalry
The Code of Chivalry
• chivalry—a set of
ideals on how to act
• They are to protect weak and poor; serve feudal
lord, God, chosen lady
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Interactive
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The Literature of Chivalry
Love Poems and Songs
• Knights’ duties to ladies are as important as those to
their lords
• Troubadours—traveling poet-musicians—write and
sing short verses
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Women’s Role in Feudal Society
Status of Women
• According to the Church/society, women are
inferior
Noblewomen
• Can inherit land, defend castle, send knights to war
on lord’s request
• Usually confined to home or convent
Peasant Women
• Most labor in home/field, bear children, provide
for family
• Poor, powerless,
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Section 4
The Power of the Church
Church leaders and political leaders
compete for power and authority.
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The Power of the Church
The Far-Reaching Authority of the Church
The Structure of the Church
• Power within Church is organized by status; pope is
supreme authority
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Religion as a Unifying Force
• Religion important in Middle Ages; shared beliefs
bond people
• Clergy administers the sacraments—rites to
achieve salvation
• Village church is place of worship and celebration
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Continued . . .
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continued The
Far-Reaching Authority of the Church
The Law of the Church
• The Church has system of justice to guide
people’s conduct
• expected to obey canon law
• Popes have power over political leaders through
threat of
- excommunication
- interdiction—denial of sacraments and services
• Kings and emperors expected to obey pope’s
commands
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The Church and the Holy Roman Empire
Signs of Future Conflicts
• Holy Roman Empire
• Holy Roman Empire is the strongest European
power until about 1100
Map
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The Emperor Clashes with the Pope
Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII
• Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiture—kings
appointing Church officials
• Henry IV orders pope to resign; Gregory VIII
excommunicates Henry. (they make up)
PROBLEM STILL CONTINUES
Concordat of Worms
• Compromise: pope appoints bishops, emperor
can veto appointment
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CHAPTER 14
Section 1
Church Reform and the
Crusades
EQ: How did the Crusades effect both Muslims and Christians?
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Church Reform and the Crusades
The Age of Faith
Spiritual Revival
• 900s – Church power restored
Problems in the Church
• Some Church officials marry
• simony—selling religious offices
• Reformers believe only the Church should appoint
bishops (investiture)
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continued The
Age of Faith
Reform and Church Organization
• 1100s, popes reorganize Church like kingdom
• diplomats travel throughout Europe
• Church collects tithes to help
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New Religious Orders
• Dominican and Franciscan orders
• vow poverty; travel and preach to the poor
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Cathedrals—Cities of God
Early Cathedrals
• Romanesque
• thick walls and pillars, small windows, round arches
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A New Style of Church Architecture
• Gothic around 1100
• large, tall windows for more light; pointed arches
• Stained glass windows (bibles of the poor)
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The Crusades
Interactive
The Beginning of the Crusades
• 1093, Byzantine emperor asks for help
• Pope Urban II issues a call for a Crusade—a “holy
war”
Goals of the Crusades
• reclaim Jerusalem and reunite Christianity
• send away knights who cause trouble
• Younger sons hope to earn land/glory
• Merchants join to gain wealth
HOW DO YOU THINK THEY WOULD GAIN
WEALTH FROM THE CRUSADES?
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continued The
Crusades
The First and Second Crusades
• Pope promise: Death = salvation
• First Crusade: Christian Success
• Future Crusades: Christian Failure (for the most part)
The Children’s Crusade
• 1212 thousands of children die or are enslaved
A Spanish Crusade
• Reconquista—drive Muslims from Spain, 1100 to 1492
• Spain has Inquisition—court to suppress heresy;
expels non-Christians
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The Effects of the Crusades
The Crusades Change Life
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Shows power of Church
Women who stay home manage affairs
Trade expands
Later crusades weakens church/noble power & strengthens kings
Create lasting bitterness b/t Muslims and Christians
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Section 2
Changes in Medieval
Society
EQ: What role does technology play in
Medieval Europe?
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Changes in Medieval Society
A Growing Food Supply
Changes in Agriculture
• Changes in technology result in more food production
Switch to Horsepower
• Horse collar
• Moldboard
The Three-Field System
• three-field system
• More food = More People
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The Guilds
Development of Guilds
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Guilds —organization of people in the same occupation
keep prices up, provide security
set standards for quality, prices, wages, working conditions
Supervise training new members
Chart
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Commercial Revolution
Fairs and Trade
• Commercial Revolution—changes in business
and trade
• Trade fairs are held several times a year in towns
• Trade routes open to Asia, North Africa, and
Byzantine ports
Chart
Business and Banking
• Credit developed to avoid carrying large $$$$
• Banking grows
Society Changes
• Economic changes lead to the growth of cities and
of paying jobs
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Urban Life Flourishes
Growing Urban Population
• 1000–1150, goes from 30 million to 42 million
• Most towns are small, but they help drive change
Trade and Towns Grow Together
• crowded, dirty, full of fire hazards, uncomfortable
• Serfs can become free by living in a town for a year
and a day
Merchant Class Shifts the Social Order
• Towns are taken over by burghers—town merchants
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The Revival of Learning
The Muslim Connection
• Christian scholars read translations of Greek
works made by Muslims
• Crusaders return with Muslim knowledge of
navigation, ships, weapons
Scholars and the University
• Universities form
• Written works in vernacular—everyday language (not Latin)
Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy
• Thomas Aquinas, mixes Greek and Christian thought
• scholasticism debates issues to increase knowledge
(always under guidance of church doctrine)
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Section 3
England and France
Develop
As the kingdoms of England and France
begin to develop into nations, certain
democratic traditions evolve.
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England and France Develop
England Absorbs Waves of Invaders
Early Invasions
• Danish Vikings invade 800s
• Alfred the Great gradually united England
• 1016, Vikings & Anglo-Saxons united
The Norman Conquest
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1066, invasion by William the Conqueror
Becomes king
William – 1/5 of land
Supporters – 4/5 of land
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England’s Evolving Government
King and Vassal
• English rulers’ goal: to control lands in both
England and France (Henry II does this)
Juries and Common Law
• Henry creates English common law—
unified body of laws
• Common law forms the basis of law in many
English-speaking countries
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continued England’s
Evolving Government
The Magna Carta
• In 1215 English nobles force King John to sign
Magna Carta (limits king’s power & ensures
noble power)
• English people argue the rights are for all people,
not just nobles
The Model Parliament
• 1295, Edward I creats 1st parliament—to discuss
taxes, etc…
• Two houses: House of Lords & Commons
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Capetian Dynasty Rules France
The End of the Carolingians
• Hugh Capet—founds Capetian family rule from
987–1328
Philip II Expands His Power
• Philip II—a powerful, rules 1180–1223
• Philip expands land controlled
Philip II’s Heirs
• Louis IX strengthens central government
• Philip IV questions pope’s power & gives
comoners a voice
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continued Capetian
Dynasty Rules France
Estates-General
• Participants in the council come from France’s three Estates
- First Estate—Church leaders
- Second Estate—lords
- Third Estate—commoners, landholders, merchants
Beginnings of Democracy
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England and France begin
A centralized gov created for large territory
Common law and court system
Commoners included in decision making
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Section 4
The Hundred Years’ War
and the Plague
In the 1300s, Europe was torn apart by
religious strife, the bubonic plague, and the
Hundred Years’ War.
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The Hundred Years’ War
and the Plague
A Church Divided
Pope and King Collide
• 1300, Pope Boniface VIII asserts authority over
France’s Philip IV
• Philip has him imprisoned; pope dies soon after
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Avignon and the Great Schism
• 1305, French pope is chosen; moves to Avignon
• 1378, two popes chosen
One in Rome
One in Avignon
• Eventually only one
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continued A
Church Divided
Scholars Challenge Church Authority
• Englishman John Wycliffe argues Jesus is head
of the Church, not pope
• Wycliffe inspires English translation of New
Testament
• Jan Hus—Bohemian professor—teaches that
Bible is final authority
• Hus is excommunicated, tried as a heretic,
burned at stake in 1415
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The Bubonic Plague Strikes
Origins and Impact of the Plague
Interactive
• I1300s, Europe suffers bubonic plague—
• Begins in Asia
spread via over trade routes
• 1/3 (appx) of Europe’s population dies
Chart
Effects of the Plague
• Town populations fall, trade declines, prices rise
• Some serfs leave manors for paying work
• Many Jews blamed and killed; Church suffers
weakened stature
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The Hundred Years’ War
England and France
• Hundred Years’ War—lasts from 1337–1453,
between England and France
• English king Edward III claims French throne
• War marks the end of medieval society;
change in style of warfare
Image
Chart
The Longbow Changes Warfare
• Victory of longbows signals end of reliance on
knights
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continued The
Hundred Years’ War
Joan of Arc
• Joan of Arc—French peasant girl who believes
in visions of saints
• She leads French army
• 1430 captured in battle
• Condemned as a witch and heretic
May 30, 1431, burned at the stake
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continued The
Hundred Years’ War
The Impact of the Hundred Years’ War
• France and England
- rise in nationalistic feelings
- power of French monarch increases
- religious devotion and the code of chivalry
crumbles
• England begins period of turmoil, War of the
Roses
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European Renaissance and
Reformation, 1300–1600
Two movements, the
Renaissance and the
Reformation, usher in
dramatic social and
cultural changes in
Europe.
David (1501–1504), Michelangelo.
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Section 1
Italy: Birthplace of
the Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance is a rebirth of learning
that produces many great works of art and literature.
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Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
Italy’s Advantages
The Renaissance
• Renaissance—an explosion of creativity in art,
writing, and thought
• Started in northern Italy – (Florence)
• Lasted from 1300–1600
Merchants and the Medici
• A wealthy merchant class
• More emphasis on individual achievement
• Medici family (Banking), controls Florence
Map
Image
Looking to Greece and Rome
• Artists, scholars study “classics” which leads to …
Humanism—intellectual movement focused on
human achievements
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Classical and Worldly Values
Classics Lead to Humanism
• Humanism—intellectual movement focused on
human achievements
• Humanists studied classical texts, history, literature,
philosophy
Worldly Pleasures
• Renaissance society was secular—worldly
• Wealthy enjoyed fine food, homes, clothes
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continued Classical
and Worldly Values
Patrons of the Arts
• Patron—a financial supporter of artists
• Church leaders spend money on artworks to beautify
cities
• Wealthy merchants also patrons of the arts
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continued Classical
and Worldly Values
The Renaissance Woman
• Upper-class, educated in classics, charming
• Expected to inspire art but not create it
•
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The Renaissance Revolutionizes Art
Artistic Styles Change
• Artists use realistic style copied from classical art,
often to portray religious subjects
• Painters use perspective—a way to show three
dimensions on a canvas
Image
Realistic Painting and Sculpture
• Realistic portraits of prominent citizens
• Sculpture shows natural postures and expressions
• The biblical David is a favorite subject among
sculptors
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continued The
Renaissance Revolutionizes Art
Leonardo, Renaissance Man
• Leonardo da Vinci—painter, sculptor, inventor,
scientist
• Paints one of the best-known portraits in the world:
the Mona Lisa
• Famous religious painting: The Last Supper
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Raphael Advances Realism
• Raphael Sanzio, famous for his use of perspective
• Favorite subject: the Madonna and child
• Famous painting: School of Athens
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Renaissance Writers Change Literature
New Trends in Writing
• vernacular—their native language
• Self-expression or to portray individuality of the
subject
Petrarch and Boccaccio
• Petrarch, humanist and poet; FATHER OF
HUMANISM
DANTE = DADDY OF VERNACULAR
• Boccaccio is best known for the Decameron, a
series of stories (INSIGHT INTO “DAILY LIFE)
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continued Renaissance
Writers Change Literature
Machievelli Advises Rulers
• author of political guidebook, The Prince
• How rulers can gain and keep power
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Section 2
The Northern Renaissance
In the 1400s, the ideas of the Italian
Renaissance begin to spread to Northern
Europe.
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The Northern Renaissance
The Northern Renaissance Begins
Renaissance Ideas Spread
• Merchants in northern cities grow wealthy and
sponsor artists
• Humanists interested in social reform based on
Judeo-Christian values
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Artistic Ideas Spread
Renaissance Styles Migrate North
• Artists, writers move to northern Europe fleeing war
in Italy (1494)
German Painter
• Hans Holbein the Younger paints portraits, often of
English royalty
Image
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Northern Writers Try to Reform Society
Northern Humanists
• Criticize the Catholic Church,
• Want to reform society and promote education,
particularly for women
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continued Northern
Writers Try to Reform Society
Women’s Reforms
• Christine de Pizan, one of the first women writers
• She promotes education, equal treatment for boys
and girls
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The Elizabethan Age
Queen Elizabeth I
• Renaissance spreads to England in mid-1500s
• Elizabeth reigns from 1558 to 1603
William Shakespeare
• Shakespeare is often regarded as the greatest
playwright
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Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideas
Chinese Invention
• c. 1045 Bi Sheng (China) invents movable type
Gutenberg Improves the Printing Process
• c. 1440 Gutenberg (Germany) develops printing press
• Printing press allows for quick, cheap book
production
• First book printed - Gutenberg Bible (1455)
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The Legacy of the Renaissance
Changes in the Arts
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Art influenced by classical Greece and Rome
Realistic portrayals of individuals and nature
Art is both secular and religious
Writers use vernacular
Art praises individual achievement
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continued The
Legacy of the Renaissance
Changes in Society
• Printing makes information widely available
• Illiterate people benefit by having books read to them
• Published accounts of maps and charts lead to more
discoveries
• Published legal proceedings make rights clearer to
people
• Political structures and religious practices are
questioned
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Section 3
Luther Leads the
Reformation
Martin Luther’s protest over abuses in the
Catholic Church lead to the founding of
Protestant churches.
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Luther Leads the Reformation
Causes of the Reformation
Church Authority Challenged
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Thought
Rulers
Printing press spreads secular ideas
Northern merchants resent paying church taxes
Criticisms of the Catholic Church
• Corrupt leaders, extravagant popes
• Poorly educated priests
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continued Causes
of the Reformation
Early Calls for Reform
• John Wycliffe and Jan Hus stress Bible’s
authority over clergy’s
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Luther Challenges the Church
The 95 Theses
• Martin Luther protests Friar Johann Tetzel’s
selling of indulgences
• Indulgence—a pardon releasing a person from
penalty for a sin
• In 1517 Luther posts his 95 Theses attacking
“pardon-merchants”
• Luther’s theses circulate throughout Germany
• Luther launches the Reformation—a movement
for religious reform
• Reformation rejects pope’s authority
Image
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continued Luther
Challenges the Church
Luther’s Teachings
• People can win salvation by good works and faith
• Christian teachings must be based on the Bible,
not the pope
• All people with faith are equal, can interpret Bible
without priests
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The Response to Luther
The Pope’s Threat
• Pope Leo X issues decree threatening to
excommunicate Luther (1520)
• Luther’s rights of Church membership are taken
away
• Luther refuses to take back his statements and is
excommunicated
The Emperor’s Opposition
• Charles V is Holy Roman Emperor
• He issues Edict of Worms (1521), declaring Luther a
heretic
• Luther and followers begin a separate religious
group—Lutherans
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continued The
Response to Luther
The Peasants’ Revolt
• Inspired by Reformation, German peasants seek
end to serfdom (1524)
• Princes crush revolt; about 100,000 people die
Germany at War
• Some princes side with Luther, become known as
Protestants
• Charles V fails to return rebellious princes to
Catholic Church
• Peace of Augsburg (1555)—each prince can
decide religion of his state
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England Becomes Protestant
Henry VIII Wants a Son
• Henry has only daughter, needs male heir to rule
England
• Henry wants a divorce; Pope refuses to annul—
set aside—his first marriage to Catherine of
Aragon
The Reformation Parliament
• Parliament passes laws ending pope’s power in
England
• Henry remarries, becomes official head of England’s
Church
• Thomas More refuses to go against Catholic Church
and is beheaded
Image
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continued England
Becomes Protestant
Consequences of Henry’s Changes
• Henry has six wives and three children
• Religious turmoil follows Henry’s death (1547)
• Protestantism under King Edward, then
Catholicism under Queen Mary
Elizabeth Restores Protestantism
• Henry’s second daughter, Queen Elizabeth I, forms
Anglican Church
• Anglican Church is acceptable to moderate
Catholics and Protestants
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continued England
Becomes Protestant
Elizabeth Faces Other Challenges
• Some Protestants and Catholics oppose
Elizabeth
• Phillip II, Catholic King of Spain, threatens
England
• Elizabeth’s need for money brings conflict with
Parliament
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Section 4
The Reformation
Continues
As Protestant reformers divide over beliefs,
the Catholic Church makes reforms.
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The Reformation Continues
Calvin Continues the Reformation
Religious Reform in Switzerland
• Swiss priest Huldrych Zwingli calls for Church
reforms (1520)
• War breaks out between Catholics, Protestants;
Zwingli killed (1531)
Calvin Formalizes Protestant Ideas
• John Calvin writes Institutes of the Christian
Religion (1536):
- we are sinful by nature and cannot earn
salvation
- God chooses who will be saved—
predestination
• Calvinism—religion based on Calvin’s teachings
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continued Calvin
Continues the Reformation
Calvin Leads the Reformation in
Switzerland
• Calvin says ideal government is theocracy—rule
by religious leaders
• Geneva becomes a strict Protestant theocracy
led by Calvin
Calvinism Spreads
• John Knox brings Calvinism to Scotland, followers
are Presbyterians
• Church governed by laymen called presbyters, or
elders
• Calvin’s followers in France called Huguenots
• Catholics massacre Huguenots in Paris (1572)
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Other Protestant Reformers
The Anabaptists
• Anabaptists believe in separation of church and
state, oppose wars
• Forerunners of Mennonites and Amish
Woman’s Role in the Reformation
• Marguerite of Navarre protected Calvin in France
• Katrina Zell also protects reformers
• Katherina von Bora, Luther’s wife, promotes
equality in marriage
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The Catholic Reformation
A Counter Reformation
• Catholic Reformation—seeks to reform Catholic
Church from within
Ignatius of Loyola
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Leading Catholic reformer
Calls for meditation, prayer, and study
Pope creates Jesuits
Jesuits follow Ignatius, start schools, convert nonChristians
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continued The
Catholic Reformation
Reforming Popes
• Pope Paul III and Pope Paul IV lead reforms
• Council of Trent
- Church’s interpretation of Bible is final
- Christians need faith and good works for salvation
- Bible and Church traditions equally important
- Indulgences are valid expressions of faith
• Use Inquisition to seek out heresy
• Paul IV issues Index of Forbidden Books (1559);
books burned
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The Legacy of the Reformation
Religious and Social Effects of the
Reformation
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•
Interactive
Catholic Church - unified;
Protestant - growth
Both push education
Status of women does not improve
Political Effects of the Reformation
• Catholic Church’s power lessens
• Power of monarchs and states grow
• Late 18th century sees a new intellectual
movement—the Enlightenment
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