Transcript Medieval Europe-

Medieval Europe
Chris Anderson
Randolph-Henry H. S.
The Crusades
► Early
live
Medieval Europe was a very unkind place to
 No real government
 Lots of war
 Little trade
► 1100s—life
did get better
 Monarchies were developing with strong central
governments
 New and better farming methods were being used—
producing more food
 Trade began to prosper
► The
major turning point in the Middle Ages
was the Crusades
► The Crusades were holy wars between
Western European Christians and the
Muslims who controlled the Holy Land
► There were 9 major Crusades
► Call for a Crusade
► In the 600s, the Holy
Arab Muslims
land was taken over by the
 These Arab Muslims allowed Christians and Jews to
freely come and go in the city of Jerusalem
► Late
1000s—the Seljuk Turks took over the Holy
Land—Palestine and the city of Jerusalem
 The Seljuks restricted Jerusalem
 They closed the city off to the Jews and Christians
► The
Seljuks were also threatening the Byzantine
Empire
► 1095—the
Byzantine Emperor went to the
Roman Catholic Pope asking for military
help against the encroaching Seljuk Turks
► The Byzantine Emperor said many Christians
were being killed—trying to persuade the
Pope to get involved
 The Byzantine Emperor was just trying to get
the Pope to help
► 1st
Crusade:
► 1095—Pope Urban II issued a call for the
1st Crusade
 He asked for a “volunteer army” to free
Palestine from the Seljuk Turks
 The Pope had power over nearly every person
in Western Europe because they were all
Catholic
► Thousands
Crusade
of Western Europeans went on
► Many
people went on the 1st Crusade for
many different reasons
 Knights went to use their skills
 Peasants went to escape and gain freedom
 Some went because the Pope promised
immediate salvation if they were killed fighting
the Muslims
 Others go for adventure and travel
► Between
1096 & 1099--30,000 Crusaders
left Europe for the 1st Crusade
► In 1097—3 armies reached
Constantinople—the home base for the
Crusaders
► @ Antioch—the Crusaders defeated a
Muslim army and traveled to Jerusalem
► June
1099—the Christian army marched
into Jerusalem and attacked the city
 The Christians laid siege to the city for 2
months
► After
2 months, the city fell to the Christians
► The Crusaders swept throught the city
killing nearly everyone
► The 1st Crusade was a a success!—the
Western Christians had gained control
of the Holy Land and Jerusalem
Siege at Jerusalem in 1099
► The
2nd Crusade
► Less than 50 years after the 1st Crusade, the
Seljuk Turks reclaimed the Holy Land
► Pope Eugenius III issued the call for a new
Crusade
► Louis VII of France and Conrad III of the Holy
Roman Empire led armies into Palestine
► The 2nd Crusade lasted from 1147 until 1159
► The Crusade failed to recapture the Holy Land
Louis and Conrad on Crusade
► The
3rd Crusade
► 1187—Saladin brought the Muslim forces
together and drove the Seljuk Turks out of
the Holy Land
► Saladin was very powerful
► Western Europe was very afraid of Saladin
► Warriors from all over Western Europe
assembled to retake the Holy Land from
Saladin
Saladin
► Frederick
Barbarossa of Germany, Philip
Augustus of France, and Richard I of
England led armies on the 3rd Crusade
► The 3rd Crusade lasted from 1189 until 1192
► The Crusade was unsuccessful in freeing
the Holy land from Muslim control
► Frederick died on the way and Philip
returned to France, leaving Richard to fight
alone
► Richard
knew he could not defeat Saladin
► Richard negotiated a treaty with the Muslim
ruler
► Saladin allowed Christian travelers into
Jerusalem, but the city would remain under
Muslim control
► The 3rd Crusade also failed to bring the
Holy Land under Christian control
► The
Other Crusades
► 1198—another Crusade was called
► This Crusade lasted from 1202 until 1204
► The Crusaders never made it to the Holy
Land
 Instead, the Crusaders attacked and looted
Constantinople
 The Crusaders hated the Eastern Orthodox
religion and needed $
► 1212—Children’s
Crusade
► Thousands of peasant children between the
ages of 10 & 18 left, headed toward
Jerusalem
► Since they were poor and faithful, they
believed God would set Jerusalem free from
Muslim control
► Most of the children died before ever
reaching Jerusalem
► Those that did reach Jerusalem were turned
into slaves by the Muslims
► The
rest of the Crusades also proved to be
failures—Western Europe was unable to
recapture Jerusalem
► The Christians slowly lost interest in
Palestine and began concentrating on
problems at home
► Effects
of the Crusades
► 1.) The Crusades proved to be a failure
 Europe was unable to regain the Holy Land
► 2.)
European Kings gained more power
 Kings taxed their people & left without fear of
someone taking their throne
► 3.)
Contact with the east brought new info
to Europe
 Classical texts were brought back to Europe
 Western Europe will be re-introduced to the
ideas of the ancient Greeks and Romans
► 4.)
European cities gained wealth from
trade with the east
 The West was introduced to silk, sugar, and
spices
► 5.)
European technology improved
 Learned to build better ships
► 6.)
Europeans learned new military
techniques
Economic and Cultural Revival
► The
Crusades brought Europe out of its
violent and backward past
► Trade began to grow again in Europe
► Education and learning gained a new
importance
► New
Farming Innovations
► 3 new innovations led to an increase in
agricultural production:
 New Plow—heavier
 Three Field System—crop rotation
 Collar Harness—allowed horses to pull plows
► The
new advances led to more food and a
population boom
► Economic
Expansion
► As population grew, villages and towns
began to increase in number
► The villages and towns helped trade to
expand
 Every town had a market where people would
come to trade goods
► Certain
Europe
towns became centers of trade in
 Venice, Pisa, and Genoa became centers for
Mediterranean trade
 Flanders became a center for the cloth trade in
Northern Europe
► Many
towns would hold annual trade fairs
► These fairs had hundreds of traders
► Feudal lords made $ off of the fairs by
charging rent for the land
► The venders charged “sales tax” on their
goods to help pay the rent
► The largest and most famous trade fair in
Medieval Europe was at Champagne, France
 This trade faire lasted between 4 to 6 weeks
Medieval Trade Fair
► The
early merchants used barter—trading one
good for another
► The barter system was eventually replaced by the
use of money—creating a money economy in
Europe
► During the Medieval period, different towns used
different currency
► Banks were developed as places to exchange
currency
 One would have to exchange their currency for what
was being used in the town trade fairs
► Banks
eventually took on a more modern
form
► Banks received deposits
► Banks began issuing loans
► Kings and priests used the banks to get
loans to pay off their debts
►
Craft Guilds were established to regulate the work of
artisans






►
►
►
Weavers
Blacksmiths
Masons
Tailors
Potters
Etc.
Craft guilds had very strict rules about prices and wages
Guilds prohibited competition—businesses were not
allowed to compete with each other by lowering prices to
get more customers
Guilds also protected the buyer from poorly manufactured
goods
► Masters
controlled the craft guilds
 1.) To become a master, one had to start as an
apprentice—learn the craft and are not paid
 2.) Once the apprentice has learned the craft,
he becomes a journeyman—he works for the
master and is paid for his work
 3.) For a journey to become a master, he has to
create a masterpiece
 the master is the person who judges whether or
not the work is a masterpiece
► Medieval
Towns
► 1000 to 1100—towns began to grow at a
rapid pace
► Towns developed along trade routes
► Most towns were protected by a high wall
► Towns usually had very narrow streets
 The only traffic was foot traffic
► Every
town had a Church
 The Church was the largest building in the town
 Illustrated the power of the Catholic Church in
the peoples’ lives
► Merchants’
shops lined the streets
► The town buildings were constructed of
wood—fire was always a major problem
► The
towns had NO sanitation facilities
 The smell was awful
 Garbage and human waste littered the streets
 Disease spread very easily in most towns
► 1348-1350—a
major disease struck
Europe—The Black Plague
 The Plague killed 1/3 of Europe’s population in a
2-year period
Bubonic Plague
Bubonic Plague
►A
new class of people arose in the towns—
the Middle Class
 Bankers
 Merchants
 artisans
► The
middle class did not fit into the feudal
system—they did not need to farm;
therefore they did not need land
► The
Middle Class was called different things in
different areas of Europe
 Germany—Burghers
 France—Bourgeoisie
 England—Burgesses
► The
middle class helped create government in the
towns
► The middle class also became very wealthy
 Many kings and priests came to the middle class to
borrow $
► Education
► Nearly
everyone during the Middle Ages was
illiterate
► Members of the Church were the only
people who had literacy
► The Catholic Church controlled all education
 The Church prepared people for life in the
clergy
► As
towns became larger, educated officials
were needed to run the governments
► Education became the focus of many who
wanted to run the town governments
► 1150—non-Church based schools were
established in Europe—Universities
► The
new universities taught a myriad of
subjects







Grammar
Rhetoric
Logic
Math
Geometry
Astronomy
music
► The
Universities taught the Roman and
Greek classics—especially the works of
Aristotle
► The Catholic Church did not like the
Universities’ teachings of the classics
 The Church believed the classics went against
Catholic teachings
 The Universities believed the classics
strengthened the students’ faith in the Church
► Eventually,
a compromise was created
► A new type of learning was developed—
scholasticism
► Scholasticism was a blend of religion and
reason
► Medieval
Literature
► Many of the old songs and stories were
written down during the Middle Ages
► Writers moved away from using Latin and
toward the use of the vernacular—everyday
languages
► Church literature was still written in Latin
► Beowulf
700s.
was written down around the
 The story was written in Old English
 Told a story of a hero named Beowulf
► Romance
literature became very popular in
the Middle Ages
► Song
of Roland was a French poem written
about Christian knights
► Dante Alighieri wrote the Divine Comedy
► Geoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in
1386
► Medieval
Art
► Churches built during the Middle Ages
exemplified the art of the Period
► Romanesque
v. Gothic
Romanesque &
Gothic
Architecture
Romanesque
►Thick
walls
►small windows
►tapestries on the walls
►curved arches
Gothic
► Large
windows--lots of glass (stained glass)
► flying buttresses=thinner walls & more
windows
► pointed arches
► high ceilings
► high spires--tall pointed towers
Strengthening European Monarchies
► During
the Middle Ages, the feudal nobles
had most of the power
► As trade and towns grew, feudalism began
to decrease
► 1100s—power shifted from the nobles to
the monarchs
► The Church began to lose some of its power
as more people became educated
► Hundred
Years’ War
► In the 14th century, many wars broke out in
Europe
► The Hundred Years’ War will be a major
confrontation that occurred between
England and France over the French throne
► The Hundred Years’ War lasted from 1337
until 1453
► The French will defeat the English—the
French will win
► Hundred
Years’ War--Causes
► The causes of the war go back to 1066
when William of Normandy took the throne
of England
 English kings after William controlled England
and part of France (Normandy)
► 1152—King
Henry II married Eleanor of
Aquitaine—the former wife of the French
king
 Henry received a large area of French land by
marrying Eleanor—the Aquitaine
► After
the marriage of Henry II and Eleanor,
the English king controlled more
French land than the French king
► 1200s—Philip II, king of France, regained
some of the French land back from the
weak English king John
► 1328—the
king of France died and left no
heir to the throne
► Two men will lay claim to the throne
 1.) King Edward III of England
►Edward
was the dead king’s grandson
 2.) Philip of Valois
►Philip
was the dead king’s nephew
► Hundred
Years’ War
► There were 2 major battles of the Hundred
Years’ War
► 1.) The Battle of Crecy
► 2.) The Battle of Agincourt
► 1.)
The Battle of Crecy
► Occurred in 1346
► The French outnumbered the English 2 to 1
► The English overcame their numerical
disadvantage by using the Welsh Longbow
 Bow as tall as a man, shot steel tipped arrows
that could penetrate armor at 300 yards
► The
French had no Longbow
► the English win the battle
► 2.)
Battle of Agincourt
► Occurred in 1415
► English were outnumbered 3 to 1
► The English overcome the odds and defeat
France again
► The
French will receive a “savior” that will
help them eventually defeat the English and
reclaim France—Joan of Arc
► Joan grew up in Domremy—a small French
village
► She was illiterate
► At age 17 she left home because God told
her to drive the English out of France
► 1429—Joan
visited Charles—heir to the
French throne—and asked to lead French
troops against the English
► Charles agreed and sent Joan to Orleans—a
French city held by the English
► Joan and her troops were successful in
driving the English out of the city
► Joan
then led her troops to Reims where
Charles was crowned King of France—
Charles VII
► 1430—Joan
was captured by her own troops
and sold to the English
► The English put her on trial and sentenced
her as a witch
► Joan was burned at the stake
► Effects
of the Hundred Years’ War
► France suffered greatly because all of the
fighting occurred on French land
► France did regain nearly all of its land back
from the English
► The loss of French land caused the English
to develop a national unity and focus on
their problems at home
► The
war helped quicken the end of
feudalism
 The use of the longbow and early firearms
made feudal ways of fighting ineffective
► Threats
to the monarchy in both France and
England were reduced because so many
nobles were killed in the war
Developing
Nations
France
England
Spain
Holy Roman Empire
France
► By
the end of the Hundred Year’s war,
France had gained a lot of power
► Louis XI wanted to unite France by taking
over the French nobles’ land
► Louis XI wanted the lands of Burgandy
England
► After
the Hundred Years’ War, England fell
into a state of civil war
 this was called the War of the Roses
 the War of the Roses lasted for 30 years
 the war began in 1455
► Two
families were fighting over the English
throne
 House of Lancaster--Red Rose
 House of York--White Rose
War of the Roses
► Edward
(Duke of York)
overthrew the
Lancaster’s and made
himself king
 he became Edward IV
 1483 Edward dies
leaving his 12 year old
son as king of England
► Edward’s
uncle,
Richard, took over as
the young king’s
guardian
 Richard claimed the
throne for himself--he
became Richard III
 Richard placed Edward’s
sons in the Tower of
London
Richard III
► The
two boys were
found dead not long
after they had been
imprisoned
► 1485, Richard was
killed by Henry Tudor-he was part of the
Lancaster family
► Henry
Tudor became
King Henry VII
 he became the first
Tudor King
 the Tudor dynasty ruled
over England until 1603
Henry VII
Spain
► Late
1400’s, Spain was becoming an
important power in Europe
► in the 1250’s, Spain was divided into 3 parts
 1.) Portugal -- West
 2.) Castile -- Center
 3.) Aragon -- Mediterranean Coast
► 1469,
Ferdinand of
Aragon married
Isabella of Castile
► the Inquisition-persecution of nonCatholics--was set
up by Ferdinand and
Isabella
► the Inquisition gave
the Spanish
monarchy more
power
Ferdinand and Isabella
Holy Roman Empire
► In
the 900’s and 1000’s, the Holy Roman
Empire was the most powerful state in
Europe
► by 1300, the HRE was the largest political
unit
 HRE includes Germany and the slavic territories
► Although
large, the HRE was not unified
► the Holy Roman Emperor was elected
by a collection of German Princes
 these princes governed their own lands
with their own rules
 these princes wanted to keep the HRE
weak so they could do as they pleased
 the HRE also constantly struggled with the
papacy until the 1500’s
Troubled Church
► During
the late Middle Ages, the
Catholic Church was a place people
could turn to
 the Church increased its religious
ceremonies
 thousands of people went on pilgrimages
Troubled Church
► With
all of the “good” going on, the Church
was actually becoming weak
► the Church was losing power to monarchs
and national governments
► also, people began to question the Church’s
teachings (education affecting religion)
The Weakening Church
► Four
events contributed to the weakening of
the Catholic Church:
 1.) Babylonian Captivity
 2.) Great Schism
 3.) Charging of fees for Church services
(indulgences)
 4.) Princely lifestyles of the Clergy
1.) Babylonian Captivity
► In
the early 14th century (1300’s) the papacy
(Pope) became heavily influenced by the French
monarchy
► in 1305, a French archbishop was elected pope-Clement V
► Clement V decided to move the papal court from
Rome to Avignon in southern France
► Clement V only appointed French people to serve
as his cardinals
► The
papacy
remained at Avignon
until 1377
► this period of the
pope being out of
Rome and in France
is called the
Babylonian
Captivity
► Rome
had been the
home of the papacy
for centuries
► people began to fear
that the French
would have too
much control over
the pope and
Church
 the French popes
raised taxes, making
people think the
popes were corrupt
2.) Great Schism
► 1377,
the new pope--Gregory XI--returned the
papacy to Rome
► after Gregory’s death, mobs of Roman people tried
to force the College of Cardinals to elect an Italian
to be Pope
► the Cardinals did elect an Italian
 however, they found this election to be invalid and
reselected another pope
► This
second pope
decided to move the
papal court back to
Avignon
► the first pope
chosen--the Italian-did not step down
 he still considered
himself the rightful
pope of the Catholic
Church
► At
this point, Europe
now has 2 popes--1
in Italy and 1 in
France
► soon, another pope
was elected--now
Europe has 3 popes
► This period became
known as the Great
Schism
► The
Great Schism caused lots of problems
for the Church
► the Schism lasted from 1378 until 1417
► lay people began to question and lose
respect for the Church
► 1414, the Church forced 2 popes to resign
and elected Martin V as pope--ending the
Great Schism
3.) Charging of Fees for Church
Services
► At
this time, the Church was abusing many of its
rights
► as a way of raising $, the clergy would charge for
their services--not liked by the people
► also, the sale of indulgences--paying for
forgiveness--angered many people
► simony--the Church selling off Church positions-was not liked
4.) Princely Lifestyles of the
Clergy
► Many
in the clergy were living it up--lavish
clothing, lots of jewelry, and lots of
spending
► people did not like the clergy’s lavish
lifestyle
 the clergy were supposed to be poor and pious,
not rich and flamboyant
Two Reformers
► Two
very important men became voices of
reform
► These two men did not want to get rid of
the Catholic Church, but make it better and
less corrupt
 1.) John Wycliffe
 2.) Jan Hus
John Wycliffe
►
►
►
►
An English Scholar at
Oxford University
he criticized the Church for
its wealth, corruption, and
power of the pope
he believed lay rulers
(kings) should be able to
get rid of corrupt Church
officials
he believed the Bible to
be the only religious truth
►
►
He translated the Bible
from Latin into English-allowing lay people to read
the Bible
this idea of non-clergy
reading the Bible went
against the Church’s
teachings
 only the Clergy were
supposed to read and
interpret the word of God
John Wycliffe
Jan Hus
►
►
►
Late 14th century, the
people of Bohemia--the
Czechs--had developed a
national unity
these Czechs did not want
the Germans to control
their country
these Czech people began
to translate the Bible into
the Czech language
►
►
►
►
The leader of the
Bohemian religious
movement was Jan Hus
he was a preacher &
professor at the University
of Prague
1415, the Church
demanded that Hus attend
the Council of Constance
the Church wanted Hus to
defend his radical views at
the Council
► When
Hus arrived at the Council of
Constance, he was captured
► the Church tried him and burned him at the
stake
► his followers, however, kept spreading his
ideas all over Europe
Jan Hus