Transcript Chapter 1 Times of Change

Middle Ages Leading to
the Renaissance
Investigate these questions:
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What was the renaissance?
Why-and how-did the Renaissance
worldview spread beyond the borders of
Europe?
Why did the Renaissance worldview have
such a long-lasting influence on other
countries and cultures?
Why did the European rather than
Aboriginal worldview become the
dominant way of looking at things in the
American continents?
A Changing Society
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During the Middle
Ages, much of
European society
was organized into
a system called
feudalism.
Feudalism was a
hierarchy.
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Feudalism: the
system of political
organization during
the Middle Ages in
which the lord
owned the land
and all others
served him
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HIERARCHY
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What is a
hierarchy?
People were born
into a level of
feudal society and
they expected to
stay in that level
for their entire
lives.
How is this
different from
todays society?
A social system in
which status is
ranked, and
power is
concentrated in
the higher ranks
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Feudalism was
based on land,
loyalty, and duty.
Nobles or knights
swore oaths of
allegiance, (loyalty
to the King)
They promised to
fight for him in
exchange for rights
to pieces of land
called manors or
fiefs.
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Allegiance: loyalty
Is Allegiance
FORCED
PROMISES?
https://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v=f
T9IYEmUXbs
Pledge of Allegiance
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Bishops had as
much power as
barons
Bishops received
their land from the
Crown, and over
time, the Church
became a very
large landowner
As a result, the
Church was very
important to
medieval people
Medieval Country Life
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Most people in the Middle Ages were
peasants who lived in rural villages or on a
manor (a piece of land sometimes called a
fief).
The peasants were assigned strips of land
to plant and harvest
Each peasant family had its own strips of
land in various areas of the manor
However, the peasants worked
cooperatively on tasks such as plowing
and haying.
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In exchange for the
use of land, the
peasants had to turn
over to the noble, or
“lord of the manor”, a
portion of what they
produced
They were also
expected to build
roads, clear forests,
and do any other work
the lord ordered.
The peasants- men,
women, and children
– worked from sunrise
to sunset
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The peasants were
illiterate and
uneducated and
the manor was
usually the limit of
their life
experience
Some peasants
were freeman
(Peasants who
rented land from
the lord or worked
for pay)
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Most peasants,
however, were
serfs (peasants
who were not
allowed to leave
the manor
without the lord’s
permission)
When they did
travel they rarely
went further than
the nearest town
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Most medieval
towns were centers
for farm
communities
They generally
grew up close to a
castle or
monastery
(buildings and
lands in which
monks lived and
carried out other
religious duties)
Town Life
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The citizens would
build stone walls
around the town to
protect themselves
from rival cities or
lords
Local goods as well
as goods brought
in from other
countries were
available in shops
in the towns
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The towns were crowded, dirty, ratinfested places, but they offered freedom
and new opportunities
People had the freedom to do as they
wished, marry whom they pleased, and
make money as they could
According to the law, runway serfs could
gain their freedom by staying in town for a
year and a day without being discovered
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A peasant who was
good at making
shoes might open
a workshop to
produce and sell
shoes
Unskilled peasants
could learn trades
Other peasants
worked for wealthy
merchants as
servants and
labourers
Crime & Punishment in the
Middle Ages
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Torture PowerPoint
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Death Penalty
PowerPoint
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Production of goods and trade in the
towns was organized by cooperative
organizations called “guilds”.
Guilds controlled the prices of goods,
set standards of quality, and decided
who could be admitted to the craft as
a trainee or apprentice – Who Does
this today?
Guilds also took care of members
and their families in case of illness or
accident
Reality TV Show
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Children as young as 8 or 9 went to
live and work at the home of a
master and learn a trade
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After years of
working and
training they would
take a test to
become a
journeyman (a
person who has
learned a trade
and joined a guild)
and be admitted to
a guild
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Years later, after
more study and
practice, they
would become
masters
Then, they could
open up their own
business and take
on their own
apprentices
Town Life - Organization
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The way in which
the town was
organized was also
a form of hierarchy
Who lived within
the castle walls?
Who lived in the
city vs the
country?
Worst Jobs of the Middle Ages
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http://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=t4t
TUXdK7-0
Time= 46:43
Castles
Middle Ages PowerPoint
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Challenges to the Feudal
Although the System
feudal system
lasted for hundreds
of years, it
eventually began
to weaken and
finally disappear
altogether
Whose best
interests were
served by
feudalism?
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What kinds of
pressures do you
think might have
caused feudalism to
break down?
The Peasants Revolt
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Beginning in 1337, war broke out in
England and France
Lasted more than a century and came to
be called the “Hundred Years War”
Endless fighting devastated the
countryside
Peasants in both countries REVOLTED,
(take violent action against an established
government or ruler), because of the high
rents and taxes they had to pay to finance
the war
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The revolts in
England and
France were
brutally put down
by the authorities,
but the causes of
the peasant unrest
were not resolved
Peasants banded
together and killed
many nobles and
burned manor
houses
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This rebellion was
also ended by
authorities but
peasants were still
angry
The Black
Death
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The next blow to
the feudal system
was the plague
Millions of
Europeans died of
the Black Death
between 1346 and
1350
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Regular outbreaks
of the plague
continued for the
next several
hundred years
As a result, there
were severe labour
shortages on the
manors and many
feudal estates went
bankrupt
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Nobles who were
able to hold onto
their manors began
to rent out their
land or sell it to
serfs
Serfs were finally
released from their
obligations to the
lords
Peasants now
finally had some
options
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Most stayed in the
security of the
work and
community they
knew but some
decided to head for
towns
Time & Money
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What does the
phrase “Time is
money” mean?
As towns grew and
life on the manor
changed, money
came into use
more and more
As a result, people
began to think
about time
differently
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On the manor, people’s lives had
been ruled by the setting and rising
of the sun
Exact time was not important except
to members of the Church who
needed to know when to pray
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People told time
using sun dials,
water clocks and
hour glasses
Later, when
shopkeepers,
merchants, and
business people in
the towns became
more dependant on
time, mechanical
clocks were
developed
Munich Clock Tower
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By the early
1300’s, mechanical
clocks were being
built that rang bells
to tell the time and
call people to
worship
http://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=T1
x3GrJFoyAorship
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Wealth in Society
With the rise of
towns society
became less rigid.
By acquiring
wealth and skills
urban people had
some opportunity
to move up in the
hierarchy and a
new social
structure began to
emerge
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Power & social
position of
merchants and the
new middle class
was now based on
$ rather than
ownership of land
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People became
more focused on
buying material
possessions and
displaying their
wealth through
clothing,
furniture,
decorations in
their homes, and
meals
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People’s desire for
luxury goods was
one of the factors
that led to the
expansion of trade
outside of Europe
as well as the
introduction of
sumptuary laws
(laws that
controlled
consumption or
how people spent
their money)
3 Levels of Class in the Middle
Ages
Top Level:
Aristocracy
Middle Level:
Middle Class
Bottom Level:
Lower Class
High Church officials
Merchants & buisness
people
Peasants
Rulers or lords of
large manors
Craftspeople
Rural labourors
Old noble Families
Shopkeepers
Urban Labourours
Wealthy merchants
Bankers
Servants
Priests & lower
Church officials
The umeployed
Ring Around the Roses
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Black Plague Power Point
A Religious Society
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What happens when an epidemic like the
black plague breaks out?
We now turn to science for help
With the black plague no one knew how to
treat it and millions died
Many thought God had sent it
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Life in the Middle
Ages was very
hard: sickness,
famine, and war
were a constant
threat.
As a result, hope
for a better life
after death was
very important
The Last
Judgement
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In the top half
is Christ on his
heavenly throne
In the bottom
half , an angel
is weighing or
judging
people’s souls
on a scale
The good
people are sent
to heaven and
the sinful
people to hell
The Church Community
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Every group in the
Church hierarchy
had the duty to be
obedient to the
group above it and
provide certain
services to the
group below
The Pope
Archbishops
Bishops
Priests
Parishioners
Building a Cathedral
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The Middle Ages was a great time of
Church building
Historians estimate that between the
years of 900 and 1000, more than
1500 churches were built in France
alone.
There were often competitions to see
which city could build the tallest
most beautiful building
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People would
pour $ as well as
labour into it’s
construction
Heavy work of
construction was
done by serfs
and peasants
Cathedral PowerPoint
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Architecture: the
art or practice of
designing and
constructing
buildings
The Monastic
Life
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If you were a
deeply religious
person you may
decide to devote
your life to God.
Men became
monks and entered
monasteries and
women became
nuns and entered
convents
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They spent their
time: studying
religious texts,
praying, working,
growing and
preparing food,
taught children,
cared for the sick
and poor, and fed
the hungry
Many members of
religious orders
died as a result of
caring for victims
of the Black Death
Learning and the Church
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Unlike most people, monks and nuns were
well educated
Some monasteries became great centers
for learning during medieval times
Eventually Universities grew up around
religious schools
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By the end of the 1400’s there were
more than 80 Universities in Western
Europe.
Women were not permitted to attend
until the late 1800’s and even then it
was minimal
Changing Attitudes Toward
Religion
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The Black Death
made some people
question their faith
Their prayers and
visits to Holy sites
had not worked,
people everywhere
were still dying
They felt as though
God had
abandoned them
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People began to
take a more critical
attitude towards
the Church
Critics began to
think that some
members of the
Church were more
interested in
luxuries living that
spiritual values
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The Creation of AdamMichelangelo
The Creation of Adam
A New Age
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Society was
changing
Creation of busy
towns and a
merchant class
meant that society
was less rigidly
organized
Worldly pleasures
were becoming
more important
3 Main Factors That Contributed to
the End of the Middle Ages
1.
2.
3.
Black Death – killed many classes of
people, feudalism destroyed
Loss of faith in religion - the
Church-Christianity, new religions
created
People became much more
interested in learning and the arts
Oriental Rat Flea Black Death
Power point &
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Movie 50 minutes
Renaissance
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Literally means “Rebirth”
Took ideas from classical Greece and
Rome and turned them into new
ways of thinking.
Europeans adopted ideas from the
Islamic civilization regarding science,
math and medicine.