Transcript The Second Feudal Age (950

The Second Feudal Age
(950-1350 AD)
-Key Concepts-
I. Similarities to First Feudal Age
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Continuation of feudalism
-- “public authority in private hands”
Continued economic importance of
manorialism
Continued importance of feudal
relationships
Centrality of the Church to medieval
culture
II. Differences from the First
Feudal Age
A. Reduction in Violence
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Magyars defeated
in 955 and begin to
settle in what will
be Hungary
Infighting among
Muslims
Vikings simply stop
marauding and
settle down
A. Reduction in Violence (cont)
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Walls built around
towns
Dominance of
Siege Warfare
Church attempts to
“tame” warfare
-- “peace of God”
-- “truce of God”
B. Agricultural Revolution
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Improvement in
climate
Population decline of
previous centuries led
to search for new
technologies
-- “carruca”
--new yoke and
harness system for
draft animals
Seed yield shoots
up=more food
B. Agricultural Revolution (cont)
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Population increases
promoting town
growth
Tremendous search
for more land
Serfs become free
peasants paying rent
Agricultural
specialization develops
in regions
C. Population Increase
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Birth rate up and death rate down
European-wide population explosion
--1100 AD = 42 million
--1300 AD = 72 million
Regional population bursts
Between 1066 and the Black Death (13471351), the population of England,
Scotland and Wales tripled to 5-6 million
while the population of France grew to 20
million
C. Population Increase
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No major famines
or plagues between
1000-1200 AD
Malaria and leprosy
were the real
medical problems
of the era
More people for the
lords to tax
D. Aggressive, Optimistic Mentality
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Aggressive approach
to land reclamation
Peasants given
freedom in exchange
for bringing land
under cultivation
The Crusades
Urban II calls for the
First crusade in 1095
-- “Reconquista”
D. Aggressive, Optimistic Mentality
(cont)
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Varying motivations
for participation in the
Crusades
The Crusades justified
by the Church as a
“just war”
8 Crusades and 2
Children’s Crusades in
1212
The First and Second
Crusades
D. Aggressive, Optimistic Mentality
(cont)
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The Third Crusade
--King Richard I
(“Lionhearted”) of
England
--King Phillip II
Augustus of France
--HRE Frederick
Barbarossa of
Germany
The Fourth through
the Sixth Crusades
D. Aggressive, Optimistic Mentality
(cont)
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The Children’s
Crusades
Results of the
Crusades for Italian
towns and European
Kings
First widespread
attacks on European
Jews
--Peasants Crusade
led by Peter the
Hermit
D. Aggressive, Optimistic Mentality
(cont)
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Western Europe
became vulnerable to
attack from the east
The power of women
increased
Improved knowledge
of engineering and
fortification
Creation of military
monastic orders
--Hospitallers
--Templars
E. Revival of Town Life
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Origins of Town
Development
Expanding of city
walls
The original “suburbs”
Towns were a magnet
for the unemployed
Key Italian cities
surpassed a
population of 100,000
by the mid-1200’s
Paris and London were
at 50,000
E. Revival of Town Life (cont)
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Most cities numbered
between 10,00020,000
By 1300, 10% of the
population of western
Europe lived in cities
Towns were service
centers for
reemerging long
distance trade and
sources of money
Struggle for autonomy
with lords
E. Revival of Town Life (cont)
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Origins of
“Communes”:
representative town
government
Inter-city warfare in
Italy
By the end of the
1200’s, most Italian
cities were under
despots
The exception =
Florence and Venice
--Medici family
E. Revival of Town Life (cont)
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Town Life– “a world of
perpetual shade”
-- “burg”
Problems of
overcrowding
Regulation of
businesses
Walls as psychological
symbols
-- “ghetto”
The value of
citizenship
E. Revival of Town Life (cont)
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Great differences in
social classes
Role of women in
town life
Begging, prostitution,
and law enforcement
Professional
geographic diversity
Air pollution and water
pollution
Life inside a
towndweller’s home
F. Revival of Long-Distance Trade
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Medieval Guilds—
obstacle to longdistance trade
--three levels of skill
in the crafts
-- “just price theory”
Medieval Craft Fairs
Chief commodities
traded
Regulation of Craft
Fairs
F. Revival of Long Distance Trade
(cont)
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Craft Fairs as town
entertainment
Development of
economic transactions
Funding of longdistance trade
Development of premodern banking
system
Balance of trade
problems at first
Towns ally with kings
in the name of trade
G. Cultural Awakening
(1) Rise of the Medieval University
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Origins of the
Medieval University
The University of
Bologna (1158)
The University of Paris
Medical Schools
Standard teaching
method
--summa
The “disputation” as
an intellectual joust
(1) Rise of the Medieval University
(cont)
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Criticism of the
teaching method
Religious foundations
of university life
Granting of Degrees
The rigors of
university academia
“Town versus Gown”
conflict
Relationship to
professors
(1) Rise of the Medieval University
(cont)
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The Medieval
University
Curriculum
-- trivium
-- quadrennium
The violence of
University Life
--Origins of
Cambridge (1209)
(2) Medieval Scholasticism
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Origins of
Scholasticism
Product of TwelfthCentury
Renaissance
Champions of
Scholasticism
--Anselm
--Peter Abelard
--Sic et Non
(2) Medieval Scholasticism (cont)
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Greatest Scholastic of
all was Thomas
Aquinas
--Summa Theologica
--Synthesis of
Aristotle and
Christianity
Critics of
Scholasticism
--Bernard of Clairvaux
--William of Ockham
and Duns Scotus
(3) New Christian Art, Architecture
and Drama
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New art emphasized
Jesus’ humanity and
the personal,
emotional religious
experience
Veneration of Mary
Woolen tapestries
replace painted murals
Romanesque Church
structures (11th and
12th centuries)
(3) New Christian Art, Architecture
and Drama (cont)
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Gothic Cathedrals
(12th and 13th
centuries)
Exterior construction
techniques
Gothic style matched
an energized Europe
Cathedrals as a source
of civic pride—built by
generations of city
craftsmen
(3) New Christian Art, Architecture,
and Drama (cont)
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City competition to
build the highest
Gothic Cathedral
The symbolism of
cathedral interiors
The emergence of
religious drama
during the 13th
century
-- “mystery plays”
H. Religious Reform
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The growth of
religious abuses
“Lay investiture”
problems
The Cluniac Order
(910)
--1350 houses by
1000 AD
The Cistercian Order
The appearance of
urban monastic orders
H. Religious Reform (cont)
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The Franciscan Order
The Dominican Order
The Carthusian Order
Dramatic increase in
the number of women
joining convents
during the 12th
century
The Waldensians
The reform of Papal
elections in 1059
H. Religious Reform (cont)
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Papal reformer
Gregory VII
--lay investiture
conflict with HRE
Henry IV
--Concordat of
Worms (1122)
Innocent III and
the zenith of papal
power
H. Religious Reform (cont)
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Innocent III calls for a
crusade against the
Cathars in 1209
Inquisition introduced
in 1226 to finish the
work of this crusade
Sanctions Franciscan
and Dominican orders
Innocent calls the
Fourth Lateran Council
in 1215
III. Emerging European
Monarchies
A. The Holy Roman Empire
(Germany)
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The view of kings as
holy and untouchable
-- “Divine right theory
of kingship”
Original power of the
HRE
Origins of political
instability and
fragmentation of
monarchical power
A. The Holy Roman Empire (cont)
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HRE seeks a power
base outside of
Germany in northern
Italy and Sicily
Frederick I
(Barbarossa)
Frederick II (12121250) was the first
feudal monarch to
establish a centralized
administration and an
army of soldiers paid
in cash
B. France
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Hugh Capet—the first
French king after the
end of the Carolingian
dynasty (987)
Increasing power of
monarchs over lords
through time
Philip Augustus (11801223)
The reign of Louis IX
(1226-1270)
B. France (cont)
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Louis IX moral and
religious authority
Age of
scholasticism in
Paris
Extension of royal
justice through
“Parlement”
Weakness of the
Estates-General
C. England
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King Alfred the Great
(871-899)
More stable principle
of succession
William the Conqueror
(1066-1087)
--The Battle of
Hastings (1066)
Feudalism from the
“top down”
The practice of
“parleying”
C. England (cont)
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The use of AngloSaxon officials to
assert royal power on
the local level
The “Domesday Book”
(1086)
The rule of Henry I
(1100-1135)
--The Royal Exchequer
The rule of Henry II
(1154-1189)
C. England (cont)
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Judicial reform under
Henry II
-- “common law”
Henry II marries
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Their subsequent
divorce and political
turmoil
Henry II conquered
part of Ireland and
made the King of
Scotland his vassal
C. England (cont)
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Henry II and his
confrontation with
Thomas Becket (11641170)
Richard I (“The
Lionhearted”)
Richard’s brother King
John
John’s conflict with
Philip Augustus, King
of France
C. England (cont)
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John abuses his
vassals to raise money
for war with Philip
King John’s battle with
his vassals at
Runnymede (1215)
The Magna Carta
(1215)
The first Parliament
met in 1295
The roots of
constitutional
monarchy
IV. Christians and Jews
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Origins of anti-Jewish
sentiment in the
Christian Church
Official church position
on the Jews
Actual persecution of
European Jews
Jewish expulsion from
western Europe
Jewish theologians
tried to harmonize
faith with reason
--Maimonides