Transcript The Spread of Ideas during the Renaissance

(BEFORE THE RENAISSANCE) THEOCRACY
A
theocracy is a form of government
where religious rulers run the
government.
 Prior to the beginning of the Renaissance,
lands were ruled by feudal kings or the
Roman Catholic Church.
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The Church had religious power.
The Church controlled people’s beliefs.
The Church had economic power.
The Church had political power.
The Church was NOT controlled by the king.
Slide
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THE SPREAD OF IDEAS
DURING THE RENAISSANCE
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Nicolaus Copernicus. He developed the theory
that the sun was the center of the universe, an
idea that was considered scandalous because the
prevailing view was that the Earth was the
center of the universe.
 Galileo Galilei-He invented an accurate
telescope.
 Johannes Kepler- He is most well-known for
his discovery that the planets move in orbits that
are elliptical in shape.
 Johannes Gutenberg-He invented a printing
press with movable type that allowed for faster
printing.
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A CHANGE IN THOUGHT
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The Renaissance was a widespread change
in culture and thought that took place in
Europe beginning in the 1300s.
Italy was the cradle of change. Italian citystates were not under the control of a king or the
Roman Catholic Church.
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HUMANISM
The thing that sparked most of the excitement
during the Renaissance was humanism which
focused on the ideas and actions of the
individuals.
 Scholars searched the world through questioning
and investigation.
 People were inspired by Classical civilizations
like the Greeks and Romans.
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JOHANNES GUTENBERG
About 1450 a German printer
named Johannes
Gutenberg invented movable
type used on a printing press.
 The printing press used many
small pieces of metal with
single letters or numbers that
could be arranged in trays to
form rows of words and could
be easily changed.
 The printing process
became much easier and
faster.
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JOHANNES GUTENBERG
 Prior
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to the invention of movable type:
Books were copied by hand.
Books were printed with blocks of carved
wood that were inked and stamped.
 (The
first book) In 1455 Gutenberg
printed a 1,200 page Bible.
 Books became cheaper and more
widespread.
 Through the printed page, ideas of the
Renaissance spread quickly through
Europe.
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GUTENBERG BIBLE
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Each copy of the
Gutenberg Bible used as
many as three million
metal letters.
It took several months,
many workers, and six
printing presses to make.
Of the 200 copies that
were made,
approximately 40 exist
today.
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WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
 William
Shakespeare, considered the
greatest writer of the Renaissance, was
famous for plays and poems.
 Ordinary people, nobles, and royalty alike
crowded London’s Globe Theatre to see
Shakespeare’s plays.
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Romeo and Juliet
Julius Caesar
Antony and Cleopatra
Hamlet
King Lear
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wrote at least 37 plays based on ancient
works.
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NEW IDEAS IN SCIENCE
(1500s) Nicolaus Copernicus presented
mathematical calculations to prove the Earth
revolved around the sun and was not the center
of the universe.
 (1600s) Galileo proved Copernicus’s theory
with the invention of his telescope. It showed
the Earth did move around the sun.
 (1600s) Isaac Newton formed the theory of
gravity, and explained how the planets circle
the sun.
 Newton followed a scientific method that
required ideas to be tested through observing
and experimenting.
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GALILEO AND THE TELESCOPE
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RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
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Renaissance architects drew ideas from ancient
Greece and Rome. (columns, arch, dome)
Medieval churches were built in the shape of a
cross.
Architects designed buildings in a circular
shape.
In the ancient world, the circle (a simple, clean
figure) represented the perfect shape.
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NEOPLATONISM
As part of the "re-birth" of classical civilizations,
thinkers in the Renaissance were interested in
writings of thinkers such as Plato and
Aristotle.
 The goal of Neoplatonist thinkers: was to
incorporate Platos ideas such as realism into a
combination of teachings that blended classical
philosophy and Catholic doctrines.
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WHO FOLLOWED…. NEOPLATONISM
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Leonardo da Vinci
 was an Italian architect, anatomist, sculptor, engineer, inventor,
musician, and painter.
 He was considered to be the best example of the "Renaissance Man"
 Da Vinci also studied the anatomy of the human body by dissecting
male and female corpses of different ages and drawing what he saw.
 His most famous works include Mona Lisa, The Last
Supper, and The Vitruvian Man.
Dante Alighieri
 was an Italian poet whose most famous work was The Divine
Comedy.
 The Divine Comedy was known as one of the greatest works of
literature in the Middle Ages. The Divine comedy was also
important in establishing the modern Italian language by
increasing its use in literature.
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WHO FOLLOWED…. NEOPLATONISM
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Botticelli
 was an Italian painter who lived in Florence.
 His famous works include The Birth of Venus, Primavera, and the
Adoration of the Magi.
Raphael
 was an Italian painter and architect.
 His famous works include Madonna del Granduca, The Small
Cowper Madonna, and the The Alba Madonna.
Michelangelo di Buonarroti Simoni
 an Italian artist, sculptor, architect, and poet.
 His most famous work is the Sistine Chapel ceiling, which took four
years to complete (1508-1512).
 Other famous works are The Last Judgment, the sculpture
of David, La Pietà, and the dome of St. Peter's Basilica.
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BELL TOWER OF PISA
A freestanding bell
tower, of the cathedral of
the Italian city of Pisa.
 Construction began in
1173 and continued until
1372 (177 yrs.) when the
7th floor and bell tower (8th
floor) were completed.
 The tower began to sink
after the 3rd floor was
added due to an unstable
foundation.
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MARCO POLO
became one of the first Europeans to travel the
Silk Road to China prior to the beginning of the
Renaissance.
 The trade routes that made up the Silk Road had
been around for centuries. During his travels,
Marco Polo became friends with the Chinese
ruler Kublai Khan. Polo traveled around China
and documented his travels in a journal. His
tales increased European interest in places in the
Far East like China.
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CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
Italian explorer who sailed for Spain.
 He believed that ships could reach China by
sailing west, across the Atlantic. Instead of
reaching China, Columbus discovered the
Americas.
 European nations began exploring and colonizing
the Americas, which led to the growth of
European empires.
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SOCIETY
During the Renaissance, Europe's economy was
mostly rural and agricultural, so land ownership
was a sign of social status and a source of
income. Peasants, called serfs, worked as
tenant farmers, which meant they lived and
worked on the fields owned by a landlord. This
system was known as feudalism.
 This economic shift set the foundation for the
growth of mercantilism during the Age of
Exploration.
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MERCANTILISM
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can be described as the idea that the wealth
available in the world is limited, and one country
could only get rich at the expense of another
country. Governments attempted to become
wealthy by controlling more land
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GOVERNMENT
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During the Renaissance, Italy was made up of
individual city-states ruled by wealthy families.
For example, in Florence, the Medici family ruled
from 1434 to 1537.
 Other countries, however, were unified into a single
nation and ruled by kings or nobility.
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Niccolò Machiavelli a political philosopher who
lived in Florence.
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His most famous work was The Prince, in which he
commented on the political environment in Florence
and argued that a ruler should do whatever is
necessary in order to maintain control of the state.
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End of Ren. Start with
reformation
INTERACTIONS IN THE FIRST GLOBAL
AGE
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Tax policies
Throughout Europe, the Catholic Church collected taxes from its
subjects and sent a large portion of those money to the Pope in Italy.
 Churches did not pay taxes to the nation that the church was in,
which frustrated Europe's monarchs.
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Indulgences
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Indulgences were a further aspect of Catholic policy that angered
many.
An indulgence can be described as a policy in which the
punishment of a sin can be fully or partially remitted.
During the late Renaissance period, one way a person could earn an
indulgence was through a donation to the Church.
The reformers believed this policy led to corruption because, a
wealthy person could not be punishment or atonement of a sin by
donating a large amount of money to the Church.
Though this practice helped the Church earn more money, many saw
indulgences as a way of "buying" one's way into heaven.
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REFORMATION FIGURES
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John Calvin: French theologian and namesake
of Calvinism.
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Taught that people are all at the mercy of God and
that God accomplishes the salvation of sinners
through their obedience of faith.
William Tyndale: English scholar who
translated the Bible into the English of his
day. This became the first translation to be made
from the original Hebrew and Greek, and the
new English translation was the first to be
printed. Tyndale was also a chief promoter of the
Reformation in England.
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REFORMATION FIGURES
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Martin Luther:
He printed and posted a list of complaints against the
Catholic Church, known as the 95 Theses, on the
door of a Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany.
 The Theses challenged the teachings of the Roman
Catholic Church and sparked a debate that led to
the development of Protestantism.
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Desiderius Erasmus: who believed that faith
in the atonement(asking forgiveness) of Christ
was the only guarantee of eternal life, rather
than the observance of the sacraments and
rituals of the church.
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PROTESTANTISM SPREADS
THROUGHOUT EUROPE
In his 95 Theses, Martin Luther brought up a
number of grievances with the Catholic
Church. With the help of the newly
invented printing press, the message from
Martin Luther spread around Europe.
 The division of the Christian faith into two
factions, Protestant and Catholic, soon began.
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NATIONALISM
During this same time, nationalism was also
growing in Europe. This resulted in feelings of
loyalty to the nation in which a person lived,
rather than to the Church.
 As a result, some European nations became
Protestant, with the government as the authority
in the land, and the church subordinate to civil
authority.
 This idea allowed the Church its own form of
governing, usually as a group of church officials,
but required the Church to follow government
rules and laws.
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EUROPE'S SPLIT
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Catholic: Italy,
Spain, Portugal,
Ireland, Poland and
parts of France
remained Catholic
countries after the
Reformation.
Protestant: Germany
, England,
Switzerland, Scotland,
Norway, Sweden, and
Denmark became
Protestant countries.
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THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
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The Age of Exploration was a time of discovery
of new lands, innovations in cartography and
trade, and the exchange of cultures and ideas
from distant lands. European exploration of
North and South America increased interaction
among different regions of the world. Below are
some notable European explorers and their
accomplishments.
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VOYAGES AND THEIR INFLUENCE
Prince Henry the Navigator: Prince Henry the
Navigator was a Portuguese prince who
sponsored many expeditions along Africa's west
coast.
 Henry the Navigator's explorers discovered the
Azores, the Madeira Islands, and the Cape Verde
Islands during the mid-1400s.
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The knowledge that the explorers gained led the way
for later Portuguese explorers and the creation of the
Portuguese Empire in the 16th century.
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Christopher Columbus:
An Italian explorer and trader, Columbus crossed the
Atlantic Ocean and reached the Americas in 1492.
 He claimed the land in the name of Spain.
 His voyage marked the beginning of European exploration
and the colonization of the Americas.
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Sir Walter Raleigh:
Raleigh was a British explorer.
o He led expeditions to both North America and South
America.
o He was trying to create new settlements, find gold, and
increase trade with the Americas.
o Queen Elizabeth I granted Raleigh a charter to start a
colony in North America. In 1585, Raleigh sent a group of
colonists to Roanoke on the North Carolina coast.
o
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John Cabot:
John Cabot was an Italian navigator and explorer
who sailed for England.
 In 1497, he explored the coast of Newfoundland in
Canada and New England while looking for the
Northwest Passage to Asia.
 He claimed the area for England.
 Cabot is known as the first European to land on the
North American mainland since the Vikings.
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Vasco da Gama
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In 1498, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama became
the first person to sail directly from Europe to India
by going around Africa. It was the first sea route that
would allow trade with the Far East. It became an
alternate to the Silk Road caravan routes. The trade
route he established gave Portugal an advantage over
its Spanish rivals.
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Samuel de Champain:
French explorer Champlain founded Quebec on the St.
Lawrence River in Canada in 1608.
 This was the first permanent French settlement in North
America.
 Champlain established trading posts and traded with the
Huron and other Native American tribes for fur which was
then exported to France.
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René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle:
La Salle was a French explorer. He sailed down the Ohio
River in hopes of finding the Pacific Ocean, without
success.
 In 1682, La Salle became the first European to reach the
mouth of the Mississippi River.
 He claimed the Mississippi River valley for France. He also
named the area Louisiana after King Louis XIV of France.
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Henry Hudson:
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Hudson was an English navigator and explorer. In
1609, Hudson sailed for the Dutch and explored what
is now New York state. He sailed up the Hudson
River, believing that it was a route to Asia. He
claimed the area near the river for the Dutch. A
1610-1611 trip through the Hudson Strait and into
Hudson Bay ended in a mutiny. His crew left
Hudson, his son, and seven crew members adrift in a
small, open boat in Hudson Bay. A river, a strait, and
a bay in North America are named for him.
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IMPROVEMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY
Cartography, or the plotting of lands on a map,
became more important as more lands were
discovered.
 Accurate maps were needed to lay claim to an
area and defend it from other explorers and
countries.
 The compass and the astrolabe made it easier
for people to figure out where they were.
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The astrolabe was an instrument that had been used
by the ancient Greeks to calculate the position of the
sun and stars
New technology also improved ship building for
the Europeans. In the 15th century, the
Portuguese invented the caravel: a type of ship
that used triangular sails to help sail against the
wind and rudders to help steer.
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EXCHANGES AND EFFECTS
As European nations discovered new lands, they
established overseas colonies and found
new trade routes.
 The New World had plants, animals, and culture
never before seen.
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These items were in high demand by the royalty and
nobility. They were traded for high prices.
 The economy in Europe started to grow as countries
fought to be the first to come back with a new good.
 Europeans traded their goods with the natives.
 Europeans also brought diseases to the Americas.
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REVIEW!
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
WHY WAS THERE RELIGIOUS CONFLICT IN
16TH CENTURY?
WHAT DID PEOPLE BELIEVE AT THE START
OF THE 16TH CENTURY?
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If you died with sin you would
go to either Purgatory or
straight to hell.
You had to go to Church and
get the Priest to clean your
Soul of sin.
If you died with a clean Soul
you would go to heaven.
WHAT ELSE DID PEOPLE BELIEVE AT THE
START OF THE 16TH CENTURY?
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If you went on a Crusade
you could earn time out of
Purgatory
You could buy an
Indulgence which was like
a “get out of jail free” card
for Purgatory.
WHO WAS MARTIN LUTHER?
A
German monk
 He compared the Latin Catholic Bible with the
original Hebrew bible & found that parts were
incorrectly translated.
 Luther hung his research on the local Church
door in1517.
 He disagreed with the Pope and began the
Protestant religion.
WHAT DID MARTIN LUTHER BELIEVE?
You Don’t have to go to
Church to get your soul
cleaned.
 The Church is wrong to sell
indulgences
 People should read the
Bible in their own language
not Latin.
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A CATHOLIC CHURCH
CATHOLIC CHURCH
Clothes worn by Catholic Priest in 16th
Century
Notice the image of
Christ
A PROTESTANT CHURCH
CLOTHES WORN BY PROTESTANT VICARS
(PRIESTS)
WHAT OTHER CHANGES TOOK PLACE IN
PROTESTANT CHURCHES?